Abstract
Plant protein-based adhesives are considered to be the most potential substitutes for petroleum-based adhesives in the wood panel industry, however, the poor water resistance and unsatisfactory mechanical performance limit their large-scale application. Moreover, the development of multifunctional plant protein-based adhesives with high strength, mildew proof, and flame-retardant remains a challenge. Plant fibers have been widely used as the reinforcing phase of polymers, but the smooth surface makes them easy to pull out of the matrix, which greatly reduced the strengthening effect. Herein, the phenylboronic acid-tethered hierarchical rough kenaf fibers were constructed to strengthen soy meal (SM) adhesives while imparting multifunction. The hierarchical rough structures and reactive groups on the surface of kenaf fibers made them form stronger mechanical interlocking and chemical crosslinking with SM matrix, coupled with the entanglement and interpenetration of the fibers with a high aspect ratio, which together endowed the SM adhesive with outstanding water-resistant bonding strength. The wet shear strength of the plywood prepared by the resultant SM adhesive increased by 391.7% to 1.18 MPa, which was far higher than the standard of 0.7 MPa for type II plywood (GB/T 9846-2015) in Chinese standards. Benefiting from the phenylboronic acid component, the resultant SM adhesive exhibited excellent mildew-proof and flame-retardant properties. This biomimetic design of kenaf fibers provides a facile and efficient strategy to develop high-performance and multifunctional bio-adhesives.
Graphical Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Antoun K, Ayadi M, El Hage R et al (2022) Renewable phosphorous-based flame retardant for lignocellulosic fibers. Ind Crops Prod 186:115265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115265
Bansode A, Barde M, Asafu-Adjaye O et al (2021) Synthesis of biobased novolac phenol–formaldehyde wood adhesives from biorefinery-derived lignocellulosic biomass. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 9:10990–11002. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01916
Bei Z, Lei Y, Lv R et al (2020) Elytra-mimetic aligned composites with air–water-responsive self-healing and self-growing capability. ACS Nano 14:12546–12557. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c02549
Bharadwaj V, Crowley M, Peña M et al (2020) Mechanism and reaction energy landscape for apiose cross-linking by boric acid in rhamnogalacturonan II. J Phys Chem B 124:10117–10125. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06920
Boussetta A, Benhamou AA, Ihammi A et al (2022) Shrimp waste protein for bio-composite manufacturing: formulation of protein-cornstarch-mimosa-tannin wood adhesives. Ind Crops Prod 187:115323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115323
Cao J, Jin S, Li C, Li J (2021) Bioinspired mineral–organic hybridization strategy to produce a green high performance soybean meal based adhesive. J Clean Prod 299:126939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126939
Chen H, Nair SS, Chauhan P, Yan N (2019a) Lignin containing cellulose nanofibril application in pMDI wood adhesives for drastically improved gap-filling properties with robust bondline interfaces. Chem Eng J 360:393–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.222
Chen W, Ma X, Wang W et al (2019b) Preparation of modified whey protein isolate with gum acacia by ultrasound maillard reaction. Food Hydrocoll 95:298–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.10.030
Chen S, Chen H, Yang S, Fan D (2021) Developing an antifungal and high-strength soy protein-based adhesive modified by lignin-based polymer. Ind Crops Prod 170:113795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113795
Chen X, Pizzi A, Fredon E et al (2022a) Preparation and properties of a novel type of tannin-based wood adhesive. J Adhes 98:871–888. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2020.1863215
Chen X, Sun C, Wang Q et al (2022b) Preparation of glycidyl methacrylate grafted starch adhesive to apply in high-performance and environment-friendly plywood. Int J Biol Macromol 194:954–961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.152
Deng X, Attalla R, Sadowski LP et al (2018) Autonomously self-adhesive hydrogels as building blocks for additive manufacturing. Biomacromol 19:62–70. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01243
Dikmen G, Hür D (2020) Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and theoretical studies of (4-boronobenzoyl) serine. Chem Phys 530:110601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110601
Duan X, Li M, Shao J et al (2018) Effect of oxidative modification on structural and foaming properties of egg white protein. Food Hydrocoll 75:223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.08.008
Duan Z, Hu M, Jiang S et al (2022) Cocuring of epoxidized soybean oil-based wood adhesives and the enhanced bonding performance by plasma treatment of wood surfaces. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 10:3363–3372. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00130
Ferreira LF, de Oliveira ACS, de Oliveira Begali D et al (2021) Characterization of cassava starch/soy protein isolate blends obtained by extrusion and thermocompression. Ind Crops Prod 160:113092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113092
French AD (2014) Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs. Cellulose 21:885–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0030-4
Ghahri S, Mohebby B, Pizzi A et al (2018) Improving water resistance of soy-based adhesive by vegetable tannin. J Polym Environ 26:1881–1890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1090-6
Gu W, Li F, Liu X et al (2020) Borate chemistry inspired by cell walls converts soy protein into high-strength, antibacterial, flame-retardant adhesive. Green Chem 22:1319–1328. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9GC03875B
Hong SH, Shin M, Park E et al (2020) Alginate-boronic acid: pH-triggered bioinspired glue for hydrogel assembly. Adv Funct Mater 30:1908497. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201908497
Huang C, Peng Z, Li J et al (2022) Unlocking the role of lignin for preparing the lignin-based wood adhesive: a review. Ind Crops Prod 187:115388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115388
Ji X, Guo M (2018) Preparation and properties of a chitosan-lignin wood adhesive. Int J Adhes Adhes 82:8–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2017.12.005
Jiang B, Chen C, Liang Z et al (2020) Lignin as a wood-inspired binder enabled strong, water stable, and biodegradable paper for plastic replacement. Adv Funct Mater 30(4):1906307. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201906307
Li J, Lin H, Bean SR et al (2020) Evaluation of adhesive performance of a mixture of soy, sorghum and canola proteins. Ind Crops Prod 157:112898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112898
Li M, Li W, Guan Q et al (2021) A tough reversible biomimetic transparent adhesive tape with pressure-sensitive and wet-cleaning properties. ACS Nano 15:19194–19201. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c03882
Li K, Jin S, Jiang S et al (2022) Bioinspired mineral–organic strategy for fabricating a high-strength, antibacterial, flame-retardant soy protein bioplastic via internal boron–nitrogen coordination. Chem Eng J 428:132616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132616
Liu W, Chen T, Fei M et al (2019a) Properties of natural fiber-reinforced biobased thermoset biocomposites: effects of fiber type and resin composition. Compos B 171:87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.04.048
Liu X, Wang K, Gao Q et al (2019b) Bioinspired design by gecko structure and mussel chemistry for bio-based adhesive system through incorporating natural fibers. J Clean Prod 236:117591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.066
Liu X, Xiao X, Zhang T et al (2022a) Construction of thorough cross-linked networks in soybean meal adhesive system by biomimetic boronic acid-anchored cellulose nanofibril for multifunctionality of high-performance, mildew resistance, anti-bacterial, and flame resistance. Ind Crops Prod 180:114791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114791
Liu Z, Liu T, Gu W et al (2022b) Hyperbranched catechol biomineralization for preparing super antibacterial and fire-resistant soybean protein adhesives with long-term adhesion. Chem Eng J 449:137822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137822
Norizan NM, Shazleen SS, Aisyah HA et al (2021) Effect of silane treatments on mechanical performance of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer composites: a review. Funct Compos Struct 3:045003. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ac351b
Oliveira MN, Do Rego AMB, Conde O (1998) XPS investigation of BxNyCz coatings deposited by laser assisted chemical vapour desposition. Surf Coat Technol 100:398–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(97)00656-7
Pan G, Li F, He S et al (2022) Mussel- and barnacle cement proteins-inspired dual-bionic bioadhesive with repeatable wet-tissue adhesion, multimodal self-healing, and antibacterial capability for nonpressing hemostasis and promoted wound healing. Adv Funct Mater 32:2200908. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202200908
Pang H, Wang Y, Chang Z et al (2021) Soy meal adhesive with high strength and water resistance via carboxymethylated wood fiber-induced crosslinking. Cellulose 28:3569–3584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03732-x
Qu Y, Guo Q, Li T et al (2021) A novel environmentally friendly hot-pressed peanut meal protein adhesive. J Clean Prod 327:129473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129473
Sadare OO, Daramola MO, Afolabi AS (2020) Synthesis and performance evaluation of nanocomposite soy protein isolate/carbon nanotube (SPI/CNTs) adhesive for wood applications. Int J Adhes Adhes 100:102605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2020.102605
Tao R, Sedman J, Ismail A (2022) Characterization and in vitro antimicrobial study of soy protein isolate films incorporating carvacrol. Food Hydrocoll 122:107091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107091
Todorovic T, Norström E, Khabbaz F et al (2021) A fully bio-based wood adhesive valorising hemicellulose-rich sidestreams from the pulp industry. Green Chem 23:3322–3333. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC04273K
Uddin MR, Doan TC, Li J et al (2014) Electrical transport properties of (BN)-rich hexagonal (BN) C semiconductor alloys. AIP Adv 4(8):087141. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4894451
Wang K, Dong Y, Yan Y et al (2017) Mussel-inspired chemistry for preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces on porous substrates. RSC Adv 7(46):29149–29158. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA04790H
Wang K, Liu X, Tan Y et al (2019) Highly fluorinated and hierarchical HNTs/SiO2 hybrid particles for substrate-independent superamphiphobic coatings. Chem Eng J 359:626–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.127
Wei W, Yu J, Gebbie MA et al (2015) Bridging adhesion of mussel-inspired peptides: role of charge, chain length, and surface type. Langmuir 31:1105–1112. https://doi.org/10.1021/la504316q
Xu X, Jiang L, Zhou Z et al (2012) Preparation and properties of electrospun soy protein isolate/polyethylene oxide nanofiber membranes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:4331–4337. https://doi.org/10.1021/am300991e
Xu Y, Han Y, Chen M et al (2021) Constructing a triple network structure to prepare strong, tough, and mildew resistant soy protein adhesive. Compos Part B 211:108677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108677
Xue W, Yang R, Liu S et al (2022) Ascidian-inspired aciduric hydrogels with high stretchability and adhesiveness promote gastric hemostasis and wound healing. Biomater Sci 10:2417–2427. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2BM00183G
Zainuddin N, Ahmad I, Kargarzadeh H, Ramli S (2017) Hydrophobic kenaf nanocrystalline cellulose for the binding of curcumin. Carbohydr Polym 163:261–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.036
Zeng Y, Xu P, Yang W et al (2021) Soy protein-based adhesive with superior bonding strength and water resistance by designing densely crosslinking networks. Eur Polym J 142:110128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110128
Zeng Y, Yang W, Xu P et al (2022) The bonding strength, water resistance and flame retardancy of soy protein-based adhesive by incorporating tailor-made core–shell nanohybrid compounds. Chem Eng J 428:132390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132390
Zhang B, Chang Z, Li J et al (2019) Effect of kaolin content on the performances of kaolin-hybridized soybean meal-based adhesives for wood composites. Compos Part B 173:106919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106919
Zhang J, Koubaa A, Xing D et al (2020) Conversion of lignocellulose into biochar and furfural through boron complexation and esterification reactions. Bioresour Technol 312:123586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123586
Zhao Y, He M, Zhao L et al (2016) Epichlorohydrin-cross-linked hydroxyethyl cellulose/soy protein isolate composite films as biocompatible and biodegradable implants for tissue engineering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:2781–2795. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b11152
Zhao S, Wang Z, Li Z et al (2019) Core–shell nanohybrid elastomer based on co-deposition strategy to improve performance of soy protein adhesive. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:32414–32422. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b11385
Zhao X, Liu T, Ou R et al (2022) Fully biobased soy protein adhesives with integrated high-strength, waterproof, mildew-resistant, and flame-retardant properties. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 10:6675–6686. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00742
Zhou Y, Zeng G, Zhang F et al (2022) High strength and flame retardant soybean polysaccharide-based wood adhesive produced by borate chemistry and crosslinking strategy. Eur Polym J 164:110973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110973
Zuluaga R, Putaux JL, Cruz J et al (2009) Cellulose microfibrils from banana rachis: effect of alkaline treatments on structural and morphological features. Carbohydr Polym 76(1):51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.09.024
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (21KJB220014), Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M700677), Students Practice Innovation and Training Program of Nanjing Forestry University (2021NFUSPITP0536), and Scientific Research Start-up Funds of Nanjing Forestry University (163020281).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
XL: Investigation, Methodology, Writing–original draft, Project administration. ZY: Investigation, Data curation. HL: Visualization, Formal analysis. TZ: Formal analysis, Data curation. YD: Formal analysis, Software. KW: Writing—review & editing, Project administration; XZ: Formal analysis, Validation, Investigation. YL: Project administration. JL: Writing—review & editing, Supervision.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This work did not involve ethical issues.
Consent for publication
The publication has been approved by all co-authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, X., Yu, Z., Li, H. et al. Constructing phenylboronic acid-tethered hierarchical kenaf fibers to develop strong soy meal adhesives with excellent water resistant, mildew proof, and flame-retardant properties. Cellulose 30, 5669–5686 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05221-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05221-9