Abstract
The need for natural, biodegradable, and biocompatible nanomaterials in drug delivery led to a great deal of interest in developing nanocellulose-based materials. This article emphasizes the potential of different types of nanocellulose in improving targeted intracellular drug delivery of biological and non-biological therapeutic molecules. Several new concepts and methods of employing nanocellulose to deliver therapeutic molecules, including less-studied biological agents, have been reviewed. Different types of nanocellulose, methods to extract or synthesize them, and various factors like size, shape, surface charge, hydrophilicity, etc. that affect intracellular drug delivery have also been discussed. Lastly, we discuss the current limitations associated with the extraction/synthesis of nanocellulose and its usage in targeted drug delivery, along with future prospects, including possible solutions to address the current challenges.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
(Reproduced with permission from ref Liu et al. 2016)
(Reproduced with permission from ref Ning et al. 2020)
(Reproduced with permission from ref Mohan et al. 2020)
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- BC:
-
Bacterial cellulose
- BNC:
-
Bacterial nanocellulose crystal
- BN:
-
Bacterial nanocrystal
- CNC:
-
Cellulose nanocrystal
- CNF:
-
Cellulose nanofibril
- CV:
-
Cellular vesicle
- MC:
-
Microcrystalline cellulose
- NC:
-
Nanocellulose
- PM:
-
Polymerosome
- RBC:
-
Red blood cell
- RNAi:
-
RNA interference
- siRNA:
-
Small interfering RNA
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
References
Auta R, Adamus G, Kwiecień M, Radecka I, Hooley P (2017) Production and characterization of bacterial cellulose before and after enzymatic hydrolysis. Afr J Biotechnol 16:470–482. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2016.15486
Auvinen VV, Virtanen J, Merivaara A et al (2020) Modulating sustained drug release from nanocellulose hydrogel by adjusting the inner geometry of implantable capsules. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 57:101625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101625
Bacakova L, Pajorova J, Tomkova M et al (2020) Applications of nanocellulose/nanocarbon composites: focus on biotechnology and medicine. Nanomaterials 10:196. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020196
Bahadar H, Maqbool F, Niaz K, Abdollahi M (2016) Toxicity of nanoparticles and an overview of current experimental models. Iran Biomed J 20:1–11. https://doi.org/10.7508/ibj.2016.01.001
Banerjee M, Saraswatula S, Willows LG et al (2018) Pharmaceutical crystallization in surface-modified nanocellulose organogels. J Mater Chem B 6:7317–7328. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TB01554F
Barcelos CA, Rocha VA, Groposo C (2015) Enzymes and accessory proteins involved in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production. Mycol Curr Futur Dev. https://doi.org/10.2174/9781681080741115010005
Bawa P, Pillay V, Choonara YE, Du Toit LC (2009) Stimuli-responsive polymers and their applications in drug delivery. Biomed Mater. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/4/2/022001
Beekmann U, Schmölz L, Lorkowski S et al (2020) Process control and scale-up of modified bacterial cellulose production for tailor-made anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems. Carbohydr Polym 236:116062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116062
Behzadi S, Serpooshan V, Tao W et al (2017) Cellular uptake of nanoparticles: journey inside the cell. Chem Soc Rev 46:4218–4244. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cs00636a
Ben-Haim N, Broz P, Marsch S et al (2008) Cell-specific integration of artificial organelles based on functionalized polymer vesicles. Nano Lett 8:1368–1373. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl080105g
Benjamin O, Goyal A, Lappin SL (2022) Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD)
Borba PB, Meneguin AB, Silva JM et al (2022) Bacterial nanocellulose containing diethylditiocarbamate bio-curatives: physicochemical characterization and drug delivery evaluation. Cellulose 29:1557–1565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04360-1
Breijaert TC, Daniel G, Hedlund D et al (2022) Self-assembly of ferria—Nanocellulose composite fibres. Carbohydr Polym 291:119560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119560
Brinkhuis RP, Rutjes FPJT, Van Hest JCM (2011) Polymeric vesicles in biomedical applications. Polym Chem 2:1449–1462. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1py00061f
Camargo LA, Pereira SC, Correa AC et al (2016) Feasibility of manufacturing cellulose nanocrystals from the solid residues of second-generation ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse. Bioenergy Res 9:894–906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9744-0
Catalán J, Ilves M, Järventaus H et al (2015) Genotoxic and immunotoxic effects of cellulose nanocrystals in vitro. Environ Mol Mutagen 56:171–182. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.21913
Chakraborty A, Sain M, Kortschot M (2005) Cellulose microfibrils: a novel method of preparation using high shear refining and cryocrushing. Holzforschung 59:102–107. https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2005.016
Chen H (2015) Lignocellulose biorefinery engineering. Elsevier
Chen L, Wang Q, Hirth K et al (2015) Tailoring the yield and characteristics of wood cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using concentrated acid hydrolysis. Cellulose 22:1753–1762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0615-1
Ching YC, Gunathilake TMSU, Chuah CH et al (2019) Curcumin/Tween 20-incorporated cellulose nanoparticles with enhanced curcumin solubility for nano-drug delivery: characterization and in vitro evaluation. Cellulose 26:5467–5481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02445-6
Chithrani BD, Ghazani AA, Chan WCW (2006) Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. Nano Lett 6:662–668. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl052396o
Czaja W, Kyryliouk D, Depaula CA, Buechter DD (2014) Oxidation of γ-irradiated microbial cellulose results in bioresorbable, highly conformable biomaterial. J Appl Polym Sci 131:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39995
de Lima R, Feitosa LO, Maruyama CR et al (2012) Evaluation of the genotoxicity of cellulose nanofibers. Int J Nanomed 7:3555–3565. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S30596
de Oliveira Júnior SD, Asevedo EA, de Araújo JS et al (2020) Enzymatic extract of Aspergillus fumigatus CCT 7873 for hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and generation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Biomass Convers Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01020-5
De Verdière AC, Dubernet C, Némati F et al (1997) Reversion of multidrug resistance with polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles: towards a mechanism of action. Br J Cancer 76:198–205. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1997.362
Dong S, Hirani AA, Colacino KR et al (2012) Cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of cellulose nanocrystals. Nano Life 02:1241006. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793984412410061
Eekels JJ, Sagnier S, Geerts D et al (2012) Inhibition of HIV-1 replication with stable RNAi-mediated knockdown of autophagy factors. Virol J 9:69. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-9-69
Endes C, Camarero-Espinosa S, Mueller S et al (2016) A critical review of the current knowledge regarding the biological impact of nanocellulose. J Nanobiotechnol 14:78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-016-0230-9
Ferrer A, Filpponen I, Rodríguez A et al (2012) Valorization of residual Empty Palm Fruit Bunch Fibers (EPFBF) by microfluidization: production of nanofibrillated cellulose and EPFBF nanopaper. Bioresour Technol 125:249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.108
Fiorati A, Negrini NC, Baschenis E et al (2020) TEMPO-nanocellulose/Ca2+ hydrogels: ibuprofen drug diffusion and in vitro cytocompatibility. Materials 13:183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010183
Fu PP, Xia Q, Hwang HM et al (2014) Mechanisms of nanotoxicity: generation of reactive oxygen species. J Food Drug Anal 22:64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.005
Geng Y, Dalhaimer P, Cai S et al (2007) Shape effects of filaments versus spherical particles in flow and drug delivery. Nat Nanotechnol 2:249–255. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2007.70
Guo R, Li J, Chen C et al (2021) Biomimetic 3D bacterial cellulose-graphene foam hybrid scaffold regulates neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 200:111590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111590
Gupta RD, Raghav N (2020) Nano-crystalline cellulose: Preparation, modification and usage as sustained release drug delivery excipient for some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Int J Biol Macromol 147:921–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.057
Hasan N, Rahman L, Kim SH et al (2020) Recent advances of nanocellulose in drug delivery systems. J Pharm Investig 50:553–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40005-020-00499-4
Herreros-López A, Carini M, Da Ros T, Carofiglio T, Marega C, La Parola V, Rapozzi V, Xodo LE, Alshatwi Ali A, Hadad C, Prato M (2017) Nanocrystalline cellulose-fullerene: novel conjugates. Carbohydr Polym. 164:92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.068
Hu H, Xiu KM, Xu SL et al (2013) Functionalized layered double hydroxide nanoparticles conjugated with disulfide-linked polycation brushes for advanced gene delivery. Bioconjug Chem 24:968–978. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc300683y
Hu H, Yuan W, Liu FS et al (2015) Redox-responsive polycation-functionalized cotton cellulose nanocrystals for effective cancer treatment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:8942–8951. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b02432
Ilkar Erdagi S, Asabuwa Ngwabebhoh F, Yildiz U (2020a) Genipin crosslinked gelatin-diosgenin-nanocellulose hydrogels for potential wound dressing and healing applications. Int J Biol Macromol 149:651–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.279
Ilkar Erdagi S, Ngwabebhoh FA, Yildiz U (2020b) Pickering stabilized nanocellulose-alginate: a diosgenin-mediated delivery of quinalizarin as a potent cyto-inhibitor in human lung/breast cancer cell lines. Mater Sci Eng C 109:110621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110621
Zang S, Chen F, Dai J, Guo D, Tse W, Qu X, Ma D, Ji C (2010) RNAi-mediated knockdown of Notch-1 leads to cell growth inhibition and enhanced chemosensitivity in human breast cancer. Oncol Rep 23:893–899. https://doi.org/10.3892/or_00000712
Kang X, Kuga S, Wang C et al (2018) Green preparation of cellulose nanocrystal and its application. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:2954–2960. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02363
Khine YY, Batchelor R, Raveendran R, Stenzel MH (2020) Photo-induced modification of nanocellulose: the design of self-fluorescent drug carriers. Macromol Rapid Commun 41:1900499. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201900499
Kim D, Jeong J, Ryu JA et al (2020) In vitro evaluation of lignin-containing nanocellulose. Materials 13:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153365
Kumar A, Singh Negi Y, Choudhary V, Kant Bhardwaj N (2020) Characterization of cellulose nanocrystals produced by acid-hydrolysis from sugarcane bagasse as agro-waste. J Mater Phys Chem 2:1–8. https://doi.org/10.12691/jmpc-2-1-1
Kümmerer K, Menz J, Schubert T, Thielemans W (2011) Biodegradability of organic nanoparticles in the aqueous environment. Chemosphere 82:1387–1392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.069
Lee KY, Tammelin T, Kiiskinen H et al (2012) Nano-fibrillated cellulose vs bacterial cellulose: reinforcing ability of nanocellulose obtained topdown or bottom-up. In: ECCM 2012—Composites at Venice, Proceedings of the 15th European conference on composite materials, pp 24–28
Li N, Yang L, Pan C et al (2020) Naturally-occurring bacterial cellulose-hyperbranched cationic polysaccharide derivative/MMP-9 siRNA composite dressing for wound healing enhancement in diabetic rats. Acta Biomater 102:298–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.005
Li S, Zhao Z, Wu W et al (2016) Dual pH-responsive micelles with both charge-conversional property and hydrophobic-hydrophilic transition for effective cellular uptake and intracellular drug release. Polym Chem 7:2202–2208. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6py00177g
Lin N, Dufresne A (2014) Nanocellulose in biomedicine: current status and future prospect. Eur Polym J 59:302–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.07.025
Lin Q, Yan Y, Liu X et al (2020) Production of xylooligosaccharide, nanolignin, and nanocellulose through a fractionation strategy of corncob for biomass valorization. Ind Eng Chem Res 59:17429–17439. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02161
Lin X, Zhao N, Yan P et al (2015) The shape and size effects of polycation functionalized silica nanoparticles on gene transfection. Acta Biomater 11:381–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.004
Liu C, Li B, Du H et al (2016) Properties of nanocellulose isolated from corncob residue using sulfuric acid, formic acid, oxidative and mechanical methods. Carbohydr Polym 151:716–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.025
Loh EYX, Fauzi MB, Ng MH et al (2020) Insight into delivery of dermal fibroblast by non-biodegradable bacterial nanocellulose composite hydrogel on wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 159:497–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.011
Lorenz S, Hauser CP, Autenrieth B et al (2010) The softer and more hydrophobic the better: influence of the side chain of polymethacrylate nanoparticles for cellular uptake. Macromol Biosci 10:1034–1042. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201000099
Luo X, Zhang H, Cao Z et al (2016) A simple route to develop transparent doxorubicin-loaded nanodiamonds/cellulose nanocomposite membranes as potential wound dressings. Carbohydr Polym 143:231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.01.076
Maestri CA, Motta A, Moschini L et al (2020) Composite nanocellulose-based hydrogels with spatially oriented degradation and retarded release of macromolecules. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 108:1509–1519. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36922
Mahmoud KA, Mena JA, Male KB et al (2010) Effect of surface charge on the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of fluorescent labeled cellulose nanocrystals. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2:2924–2932. https://doi.org/10.1021/am1006222
Mao X, Li X, Mao X et al (2014) Inhibition of hepatitis C virus by an M1GS ribozyme derived from the catalytic RNA subunit of Escherichia coli RNase P. Virol J 11:86. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-11-86
Mbituyimana B, Mao L, Hu S et al (2021) Bacterial cellulose/glycolic acid/glycerol composite membrane as a system to deliver glycolic acid for anti-aging treatment. J Bioresour Bioprod 6:129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2021.02.003
Meerovich I, Dash AK (2019) Polymersomes for drug delivery and other biomedical applications. Materials for biomedical engineering. Elsevier, pp 269–309
Menas AL, Yanamala N, Farcas MT et al (2017) Fibrillar vs crystalline nanocellulose pulmonary epithelial cell responses: cytotoxicity or inflammation? Chemosphere 171:671–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.105
Meneguin AB, da Silva BH, Sábio RM et al (2020) Spray-dried bacterial cellulose nanofibers: a new generation of pharmaceutical excipient intended for intestinal drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 249:116838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116838
Mohan D, Khairullah NF, How YP et al (2020) 3D printed laminated CaCO3-nanocellulose films as controlled-release 5-fluorouracil. Polymers 12:986. https://doi.org/10.3390/POLYM12040986
Mudshinge SR, Deore AB, Patil S, Bhalgat CM (2011) Nanoparticles: emerging carriers for drug delivery. Saudi Pharm J 19:129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2011.04.001
Nasir M, Hashim R, Sulaiman O, Asim M (2017) Nanocellulose: preparation methods and applications. Cellulose-reinforced nanofibre composites: production, properties and applications. Elsevier, pp 261–276
Ndong Ntoutoume GMA, Grassot V, Brégier F et al (2017) PEI-cellulose nanocrystal hybrids as efficient siRNA delivery agents—Synthesis, physicochemical characterization and in vitro evaluation. Carbohydr Polym 164:258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.004
Ning L, You C, Zhang Y et al (2020) Synthesis and biological evaluation of surface-modified nanocellulose hydrogel loaded with paclitaxel. Life Sci 241:117137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117137
Nishiguchi A, Taguchi T (2020a) Sustained-immunostimulatory nanocellulose scaffold to enhance vaccine efficacy. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 108:1159–1170. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36890
Nishiguchi A, Taguchi T (2020b) Development of an immunosuppressive camouflage-coating platform with nanocellulose and cell membrane vesicles. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 31:1912–1924. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2020.1783060
O’donnell KL, Oporto-Velásquez GS, Comolli N (2020) Evaluation of acetaminophen release from biodegradable poly (Vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and nanocellulose films using a multiphase release mechanism. Nanomaterials 10:301. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020301
Pachuau L (2017) Application of nanocellulose for controlled drug delivery. Nanocellulose and nanohydrogel matrices: biotechnological and biomedical applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, pp 1–19
Patel DK, Dutta SD, Ganguly K, Lim KT (2021) Multifunctional bioactive chitosan/cellulose nanocrystal scaffolds eradicate bacterial growth and sustain drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 170:178–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.145
Pereira B, Arantes V (2020) Production of cellulose nanocrystals integrated into a biochemical sugar platform process via enzymatic hydrolysis at high solid loading. Ind Crops Prod 152:112377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112377
Pereira B, Arantes V (2018) Nanocelluloses from sugarcane biomass. In: Adv sugarcane biorefinery technol commer policy issues paradig shift bioethanol by-products, pp 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804534-3.00009-4
Phanthong P, Guan G, Ma Y et al (2016) Effect of ball milling on the production of nanocellulose using mild acid hydrolysis method. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 60:617–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.11.001
Plackett D, Letchford K, Jackson J, Burt H (2014) A review of nanocellulose as a novel vehicle for drug delivery. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 29:105–118. https://doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2014-29-01-p105-118
Plappert SF, Liebner FW, Konnerth J, Nedelec JM (2019) Anisotropic nanocellulose gel–membranes for drug delivery: tailoring structure and interface by sequential periodate–chlorite oxidation. Carbohydr Polym 226:115306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115306
Plermjai K, Boonyarattanakalin K, Mekprasart W et al (2018) Extraction and characterization of nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse by ball-milling-assisted acid hydrolysis. In: AIP Conf Proc. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5053181
Pötzinger Y, Rabel M, Ahrem H et al (2018) Polyelectrolyte layer assembly of bacterial nanocellulose whiskers with plasmid DNA as biocompatible non-viral gene delivery system. Cellulose 25:1939–1960. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1664-z
Rahimi Kord Sofla M, Brown RJ, Tsuzuki T, Rainey TJ (2016) A comparison of cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibres extracted from bagasse using acid and ball milling methods. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol 7:035004. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/7/3/035004
Ramesh S, Doddipatla P, Pamidipati S (2021) Optimization of parameters for biological pre-treatment route for the production of nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01306-2
Ribeiro RSA, Pohlmann BC, Calado V et al (2019) Production of nanocellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis: trends and challenges. Eng Life Sci 19:279–291. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201800158
Riccio BVF, Klosowski AB, Prestes E et al (2021) Chitosan/nanocellulose-based bionanocomposite films for controlled betamethasone and silver sulfadiazine delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 138:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50468
Roberts MG, Yu Q, Keunen R et al (2020) Functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals with POEGMA copolymers via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition for potential drug-delivery applications. Biomacromol 21:2014–2023. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01713
Roobol SJ, Hartjes TA, Slotman JA et al (2020) Uptake and subcellular distribution of radiolabeled polymersomes for radiotherapy. Nanotheranostics 4:14–25. https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.37080
Saneinezhad S, Bamoharram FF, Pordel M, Baharara J (2021) One pot and green ultrasonic catalytic synthesis of catenated nanocellulose by sodium 30-tungston pentaphosphate polyoxometalate as an interlocked surface stabilizer and its application for surface loading of l-ascorbic acid. Chem Pap 75:471–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-020-01296-x
Serrano-Sevilla I, Artiga Á, Mitchell SG et al (2019) Natural polysaccharides for siRNA delivery: nanocarriers based on chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and their derivatives. Molecules 24:2570. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142570
Shamsipour M, Mansouri AM, Moradipour P (2019) Temozolomide conjugated carbon quantum dots embedded in core/shell nanofibers prepared by coaxial electrospinning as an implantable delivery system for cell imaging and sustained drug release. AAPS PharmSciTech 20:259. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-019-1466-0
Shazali NAH, Zaidi NE, Ariffin H et al (2019) Characterization and cellular internalization of Spherical Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) into normal and cancerous fibroblasts. Materials 12:3251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193251
Simko M, Mattsson M-O (2014) Interactions between nanosized materials and the brain. Curr Med Chem 21:4200–4214. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140716100449
Singh R, Lillard JW (2009) Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery. Exp Mol Pathol 86:215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.12.004
Singhsa P, Narain R, Manuspiya H (2018) Bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNC) preparation and characterization from three bacterial cellulose sources and development of functionalized BCNCs as nucleic acid delivery systems. ACS Appl Nano Mater 1:209–221. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.7b00105
Siró I, Plackett D (2010) Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials: a review. Cellulose 17:459–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9405-y
Soman S, Chacko AS, Prasad VS et al (2018) Self-assembly of oleylamine modified nano-fibrillated cellulose from areca husk fibers into giant vesicles. Carbohydr Polym 182:69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.010
Svensson A, Nicklasson E, Harrah T et al (2005) Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage. Biomaterials 26:419–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.049
Taher MA, Zahan KA, Rajaie MA et al (2020) Nanocellulose as drug delivery system for honey as antimicrobial wound dressing. Mater Today Proc 31:14–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.076
Tanner P, Baumann P, Enea R et al (2011) Polymeric vesicles: from drug carriers to nanoreactors and artificial organelles. Acc Chem Res 44:1039–1049. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar200036k
Tortorella S, Buratti VV, Maturi M et al (2020) Surface-modified nanocellulose for application in biomedical engineering and nanomedicine: a review. Int J Nanomed 15:9909–9937. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S266103
Trache D, Tarchoun AF, Derradji M et al (2020) Nanocellulose: from fundamentals to advanced applications. Front Chem. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00392
Vakilian H, Rojas EA, Rezaei LH, Behmanesh M (2020) Fabrication and optimization of linear PEI modified crystal nanocellulose as an efficient non-viral vector for in-vitro gene delivery. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 9:297–308. https://doi.org/10.29252/RBMB.9.3.297
Voronin D, Vikulina A, Voronin D et al (2020) Naturally derived nano- and micro-drug delivery vehicles: halloysite, vaterite and nanocellulose. New J Chem 44:5638–5655. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nj06470b
Wang J, Tavakoli J, Tang Y (2019) Bacterial cellulose production, properties and applications with different culture methods—A review. Carbohydr Polym 219:63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.008
Wang L, Wang C, Wang L et al (2021) Emulsion electrospun polylactic acid/ Apocynum venetum nanocellulose nanofiber membranes with controlled sea buckthorn extract release as a drug delivery system. Text Res J 91:1046–1055. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517520970171
Xu FJ, Yang WT (2011) Polymer vectors via controlled/living radical polymerization for gene delivery. Prog Polym Sci 36:1099–1131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.11.005
Yoffe AM, Prinsen P, Gopal A et al (2008) Predicting the sizes of large RNA molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:16153–16158. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808089105
Zhang L, Tsuzuki T, Wang X (2015) Preparation of cellulose nanofiber from softwood pulp by ball milling. Cellulose 22:1729–1741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0582-6
Zhang S, Zhou S, Liu H et al (2020) Pinecone-inspired nanoarchitectured smart microcages enable nano/microparticle drug delivery. Adv Funct Mater 30:2002434. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202002434
Zubair M, Arshad M, Ullah A (2021) Nanocellulose: a sustainable and renewable material for water and wastewater treatment. Natural Polymers-based green adsorbents for water treatment. Elsevier, pp 93–109
Zuluaga R, Putaux JL, Restrepo A et al (2007) Cellulose microfibrils from banana farming residues: isolation and characterization. Cellulose 14:585–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-007-9118-z
Funding
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
NVP: Ideation, literature survey, and draft; PD: Ideation, critical revision; GTM: Ideation, critical revision.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Puppala, N.V., Doddipatla, P. & Mohannath, G. Use of nanocellulose in the intracellular delivery of biological and non-biological drugs: a review. Cellulose 30, 1335–1354 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04977-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04977-w