Abstract
This study investigated the effects of hydrothermal pretreatment, depressurization (DP) cycles and temperatures, of biomass-waste-garlic skins on cellulose nanofiber (CNF) production processes and CNF properties. SEM, TGA, FTIR and chemical analysis approved the difference in the compositions of fibers obtained under various conditions. High temperature and high DP cycles enhanced defibrillation and produced fibers with high cellulose composition, which subsequently affected bleaching time, yield, thermal stability, and crystallinity of CNFs. However, a large amount of pseudo-lignin was observed at 150 °C and 170 °C leading to longer delignification and lower yields. The optimum condition for hydrothermal pretreatment at 130 °C and 5 DP cycles could eventuate much uniform CNFs with the largest aspect ratio, high crystallinity, and thermal stability.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express our gratitude to the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) for providing some chemicals and access to the instrument, TGA and FTIR. Our grateful thanks are also extended to KMUTT Research Center of Excellence Project for partly financial support in this project. One of the authors, Fariba Yeganeh, expresses her sincere thanks to KMUTT through its Petchra Pra Jom Klao Doctoral Scholarship.
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Partial financial support was received from KMUTT Research Center of Excellence Project.
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Yeganeh, F., Chiewchan, N. & Chonkaew, W. Hydrothermal pretreatment of biomass-waste-garlic skins in the cellulose nanofiber production process. Cellulose 29, 2333–2349 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04452-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04452-6