Abstract
Cellulose sheets with different basis weight and beating degree were prepared, and gas grafting was performed under high temperature and high pressing pressure conditions. Then, the grafting efficiency expressed in the grafted fatty acid content and the like was analyzed. As a result, it was found that the grafted fatty acid content per square meter of cellulose sheet increased by 78.15 mg/m2 as the sheet basis weight doubled from 100 g/m2 to 200 g/m2. This is due to more hydroxyl groups per equal area due to the higher basis weight. However, when the freeness of fibers reduced from 500 mL CSF to 300 mL CSF by beating, the grafted fatty acid content of the cellulose sheet per square meter decreased as low as 48.02 mg/m2. This can be attributed to both the decrease in the accessible hydroxyl group content per equal area and the decrease in the porosity of the cellulose sheet. Both of these phenomena are caused by beating of fibers.
Graphical Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ball DW, Key JA (2011) Chapter 17 Kinetics. In: Victoria BC (ed) Introductory chemistry: 1st Canadian Edition. BCcampus Open Education
Berlioz S, Stinga C, Condoret J, Samain D (2008) SFGP 2007-investigation of a novel principle of chemical grafting for modification of cellulose fibers. Int J Chem React Eng 6(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.2202/1542-6580.1672
Choi KH, Kim AR, Cho BU (2018) Manufacture of high bulk paper using alkali swollen kraft pulp. Nord Pulp Paper Res J 33(3):503–511. https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-3059
Choi KH, Lee KS, Lee JH, Lee MK, Ryu JY (2019) Comparative analysis of the efficiency of gas grafting reaction of different types of Hanji with palmitoyl chloride. J Korea TAPPI 51(3):90–97. https://doi.org/10.7584/JKTAPPI.2019.06.51.3.90
Choi KH, Lee KS, Lee JH, Ryu JY (2020) Hydrophobization of cellulose sheets by gas grafting of palmitoyl chloride by using hot press. Carbohydr Polym 246:116487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116487
Gao W, Xiang Z, Chen K, Yang R, Yang F (2015) Effect of depth beating on the fiber properties and enzymatic saccharification efficiency of softwood kraft pulp. Carbohydr Polym 127:400–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.005
Gharehkhani S, Sadeghinezhad E, Newaz Kazi S, Yarmand H, Badarudin A, Reza Safaei M, Mohd Zubir MN (2015) Basic effects of pulp refining on fiber properties - A review. Carbohydr Polym 115:785–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.047
Hubbe MA, Gardner DJ, Shen W (2015) Contact angles and wettability of cellulosic surfaces: a review of proposed mechanisms and test strategies. BioResources 19(4):8657–8749. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.4.Hubbe_Gardner_Shen
Jansson J (2015) The influence of pH on fiber and paper properties: Different pH levels during beating and sheet forming. Master’s dissertation, Karlstad University
Panchal P, Ogunsona E, Mekonnen T (2019) Trends in advanced functional material applications of nanocellulose. Processes 7(1):1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7010010
Patil NV, Netravali AN (2020) Bioinspired process using anisotropic silica particles and fatty acid for superhydrophobic cotton fabrics. Cellulose 27(1):545–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02811-4
Ramaswamy S, Ramarao BV (2004) 3-D Characterization of the structure of paper and paperboard and their application to optimize drying and water removal Processes and end-use applications. A Final Report to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE Project DE-FC07–00ID13873). https://doi.org/10.2172/883703
Rasi M (2013) Permeability properties of paper materials. Doctoral dissertation, University of Jyväskylä
Sai H, Fu R, Xing L, Xiang J, Li Z, Li F, Zhang T (2015) Surface modification of bacterial cellulose aerogels’ web-like skeleton for oil/water separation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(13):7373–7381. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00846
Samyn P (2013) Wetting and and hydrophobic modification of cellulose surfaces for paper applications. J Mater Sci 48:6455–6498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7519-y
Sim K, Youn HJ (2016) Preparation of porous sheets with high mechanical strength by the addition of cellulose nanofibrils. Cellulose 23:1383–1392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0865-6
Song JH, Murphy RJ, Narayan R, Davies GBH (2009) Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 364:2127–2139. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0289
Su Y, Yang B, Liu J, Sun B, Cao C, Zou X, Lutes R, He Z (2018) Prospects for replacement of some plastics in packaging with lignocellulose materials: a brief review. BioResources 13(2):4550–4576. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.2.Su
Wenzel RN (1949) Surface roughness and contact angle. J. Phys Chem 53(9):1466–1467. https://doi.org/10.1021/j150474a015
Zhao C, Zhang H, Zeng X, Li H, Sun D (2016) Enhancing the inter-fiber bonding properties of cellulosic fibers by increasing different fiber charges. Cellulose 23:1617–1628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0941-y
Zhong Y, Netravali AN (2016) ‘Green’ surface treatment for water-repellent cotton fabrics. Surf Innov 4(1):3–13. https://doi.org/10.1680/jsuin.15.00022
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Technology Innovation Program (No.20010431) of Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT) funded by the Ministry of trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) and the Basic Science Research Program (No.2018R1A2B2003646) of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choi, KH., Lee, KS. & Ryu, JY. Effects of various properties of cellulose sheets on hydrophobization efficiency of gas grafting with palmitoyl chloride. Cellulose 29, 2199–2209 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04437-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04437-5