Abstract
Natural biomaterials with intrinsic biomineralization potential are of utmost interest in bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Here, we report the biomimetic mineralization potential of a natural fiber derived from Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) stem, CQF, with inherent biomineralization and osteoinductive potential and is proposed for regenerative BTE. CQF has an organized microstructure characterized by an array of submicron size fibrils (SEM analysis) saturated with –OH groups of cellulose on the surface (FTIR spectrum), which provides a better platform for cell adhesion/proliferation and play a key role in the early nucleation of calcium phosphate, the inorganic phase of bone. A single unit of CQF has a tensile strength of 89.75 ± 5.25 MPa, which is in line with the mechanical property requirement of bone. CQF depicts signs of surface erosion (SEM analysis) with a weight loss of 11% after 30 days incubation in physiological conditions, supporting its intended stability required during the bone regeneration phase. CQF demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility (MTT assay and cell adhesion) and elicited primary nucleation and growth of apatite crystals (Ca/P 1.30; day 7), progressed further to secondary growth (Ca/P 1.51; day 14) upon incubation in simulated body fluid (SBF; 1.5X). Biomineralization of CQF was further confirmed by Alizarin Red S staining (day 14) in MG-63 cells. The osteoinductive potential of CQF was validated by quantifying early osteoblast differentiation marker alkaline phosphatase activity in Rat Bone marrow Mesenchymal Cells (BMC). The results, therefore, confer that CQF could be proposed for regenerative BTE.
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Acknowledgements
Praseetha R. Nair gratefully acknowledges the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment- Women Scientist Division, Back to Lab scheme, Kerala, India. The authors are very much grateful to Dr. Padma Nambisan, Professor (Rtd.), Department of Biotechnology, CUSAT for the constant motivational support throughout this work. The authors are extremely thankful to the Department of Biotechnology, CUSAT for providing the cell culture and animal house facility.
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Praseetha R. Nair has performed the experiment, analyzed the data and written the manuscript. S. Sreeja has executed biological experiments and interpreted the results. G.S. Sailaja has conceived the idea, supervised the work and edited the manuscript.
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The animals for BMC isolation were purchased from Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy, Kerala, India and housed in separate cages. The animals (Quarantine period – 2 weeks; 12 h in dark and 12 h in light) were fed with standard food and water ad libitum. All the animal care was taken follwing Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (363/GO/Re/S/01/CPCSEA, 28/12/2017/10) and CPCSEA guidelines. All efforts are undertaken to avoid animal suffering.
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Nair, P.R., Sreeja, S. & Sailaja, G.S. Cissus quadrangularis stem derived fiber: a natural osteoinductive substrate for regenerative bone tissue engineering. Cellulose 29, 413–426 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04288-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04288-6