Abstract
NMR cryoporometry has been used for investigating the porosity changes of bleached wood pulp upon drying. This NMR method follows the same principles as thermoporosimetry, which has been used for the same purpose during the last decade and makes it possible to investigate porous material in the water-swollen state. In this study bleached softwood kraft pulp was exposed to a series of drying procedures where the decrease in porosity within the fiber cell wall could be characterized for pore radii below 100 nm. This decrease in porosity is called hornification, which is an irreversible collapse of the fiber wall structure during drying and results in decreased uptake of water and reduced swelling of the fiber upon rewetting. Our results have been compared to the traditionally used water retention value (WRV) and correlates well with these. Furthermore, this NMR method could show the reduction of hornification when adsorbing the hemicellulose glucuronoxylan to the fiber.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alince B (2002) Porosity of swollen pulp fibers revisited. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 17:71–73
Berthold J, Salmén L (1997) Inverse size exclusion chromatography (ISEC) for determining the relative pore size distribution of wood pulps. Holzforschung 51:361–368
Drake LC, Ritter HL (1945) Macropore-size distributions in some typical porous substances. Ind Eng Chem Anal Ed 17:787–791
Duchesne I, Daniel G (1999) The ultrastructure of wood fibre surfaces as shown by a variety of microscopical methods—a review. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 14:129–139
Emmett PH, De Witt T (1941) Determination of surface areas. Ind Eng Chem Anal Ed 13:28–33
Furó I, Daicic J (1999) NMR cryoporometry: a novel method for the investigation of the pore structure of paper and paper coatings. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 14:221–225
Haselton WR (1955) Gas adsorption by wood, pulp, and paper. 2. The application of techniques to the study of the area and structure of pulps and the unbonded and bonded area of paper. Tappi 38:716–723
Homshaw LG (1981) Calorimetric determination of porosity and pore size distribution (PSD): effect of heat on porosity, pore form, and PSD in water-saturated polyacrylonitrile fibers. J Colloid Interface Sci 84:127–140
Jackson CL, McKenna GB (1990) The melting behavior of organic materials confined in porous solids. J Chem Phys 93:9002–9011
Köhnke T, Gatenholm P (2007) The effect of controlled glucuronoxylan adsorption on drying-induced strength loss of bleached softwood pulp. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 22:508–515
Laivins GV, Scallan AM (1993) The mechanism of hornification of wood pulps. In: Baker CF (ed) Products of papermaking, Trans 10th Fund Res Symp, Oxford, pp 1235–1260
Li T-Q, Henriksson U, Klason T, Ödberg L (1992) Water diffusion in wood pulp cellulose fibers studied by means of the pulsed gradient spin-echo method. J Colloid Interface Sci 154:305–315
Li T-Q, Henriksson U, Ödberg L (1993) Determination of pore sizes in wood cellulose fibers by 2H and 1H NMR. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 8:326–330
Li T-Q, Henriksson U, Ödberg L (1995) Determination of pore volume in cellulose fibers by the pulsed gradient spin-echo NMR technique. J Colloid Interface Sci 169:376–379
Linder Å, Bergman R, Bodin A, Gatenholm P (2003) Mechanism of assembly of xylan onto cellulose surfaces. Langmuir 19:5072
Lindström T, Carlsson G (1982) The effect of carboxyl groups and their ionic form during drying on the hornification of cellulose fibers. Sven Papperstidning 85:R146–R151
Maloney TC, Paulapuro H (1999) The formation of pores in the cell wall. J Pulp Pap Sci 25:430–436
Maloney TC, Li T-Q, Weise U, Paulapuro H (1997) Intra- and inter-fibre pore closure in wet pressing. Appita J 50:301–306
Maloney TC, Johansson T, Paulapuro H (1998a) Removal of water from the cell wall during drying. Pap Technol 39:39–47
Maloney TC, Paulapuro H, Stenius P (1998b) Hydration and swelling of pulp fibers measured with differential scanning calorimetry. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 13:31–36
Nazhad MM, Paszner L (1994) Fundamentals of strength loss in recycled paper. Tappi J 77:171–179
Oksanen TJ, Buchert J, Viikari L (1997) The role of hemicelluloses in the hornification of bleached kraft pulps. Holzforschung 51:355–360
Petrov O, Furó I (2006) Curvature-dependent metastability of the solid phase and the freezing-melting hysteresis in pores. Phys Rev E 73:011608-1:011608-7
Petrov OV, Furó I (2009) NMR cryoporometry: principles, applications and potential. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 54:97–122
Stone JE, Scallan AM (1968) A structural model for the cell wall of water-swollen wood pulp fibres based on their accessibility to macromolecules. Cellul Chem Technol 2:343–358
Stone JE, Scallan AM, Abrahamson B (1968) Influence of beating on cell wall swelling and internal fibrillation. Sven Papperstidning 71:687–694
Strange JH, Rahman M, Smith EG (1993) Characterization of porous solids by NMR. Phys Rev Lett 71:3589–3591
Suurnäkki A, Li T-Q, Buchert J, Tenkanen M, Viikari L, Vuorinen T, Ödberg L (1997) Effects of enzymatic removal of xylan and glucomannan on the pore size distribution of kraft fibres. Holzforschung 51:27–33
Theander O, Westerlund EA (1986) Studies on dietary fiber. 3. Improved procedures for analysis of dietary fiber. J Agric Food Chem 34:330–336
Vargas-Florencia D, Petrov OV, Furó I (2007) NMR cryoporometry with octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane as a probe liquid. Accessing large pores. J Colloid Interface Sci 305:280–285
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from Södra and from the Knowledge Foundation through the graduate school, YPK. The Swedish NMR Centre at the University of Gothenburg is acknowledged for granting spectrometer time and equipment.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Östlund, Å., Köhnke, T., Nordstierna, L. et al. NMR cryoporometry to study the fiber wall structure and the effect of drying. Cellulose 17, 321–328 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9383-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9383-0