Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pectin in controlled drug delivery – a review

  • Published:
Cellulose Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Controlled drug delivery remains a research focus for public health to enhance patient compliance, drug efficiency and reduce the side effects of drugs. Pectin, an edible plant polysaccharide, has been shown to be useful for the construction of drug delivery systems for specific drug delivery. Several pectin derived formulations have been developed in our laboratory and tested in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo for the ability to deliver bioactive substances for therapeutic purposes in the context of interactions with living tissues. Pectin derivatives carrying primary amine groups were more mucoadhesive and have shown potential in nasal drug delivery and other mucosal drug delivery. Pectin derivatives with highly esterified galacturonic acid residues are more hydrophobic and able to sustain the release of incorporated fragrances for a prolonged duration. Less esterified pectin derivatives are able to penetrate deeper into the skin and may be useful in aromatherapy formulations. Pectin, in combination with zein, a corn protein, forms hydrogel beads. The bound zein restricts bead swelling and retains the porosity of the beads; the pectin networks shield the zein from protease attack. The complex beads are ideal vehicles for colon-specific drug delivery. Studies presented in this paper indicate the flexibility and possibility to tailor pectin macromolecules into a variety of drug delivery systems to meet different clinical requirements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Born J., Lange T., Kern W., McGregor G.P. Bickel U., Fehm H.L., (2002). Sniffing neuropeptides: transnasal approach to the human brain Nat. Neurosci. 5: 514–516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burfield T., Reekie S.-L., (2005). Mosquitoes, malaria and essential oils Int. J. Aromather. 15: 30–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cal K., Sznitowska M., (2003). Cutaneous absorption and elimination of three acyclic terpenes – in vitro studies J. Controlled Release 93: 369–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke B., Ernst E. (2000). Aromatherapy: a systematic review Brit. J. Gen. Practice 50: 493–496

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dale O., Hjortkjaer R., Kharasch E.D., (2002). Nasal administration of opioids for pain management in adults Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 46: 759–770

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis S.S., Hardy J.G. Farad J.W., (1986). Transit of pharmaceutical dosage forms through the small intestine Gut 27: 886–892

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fishman M.L., Walker P.N., Chau H.K., Hotchkiss Jr. A.T., (2003). Flasn extraction of pectin from orange albedo by steam injection Biomacromolecules 4: 880–889

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fishman M.L., Cooke P.H., Coffin D.R., (2004). Nanostructure of native pectin sugar acid gels visualized by atomic force microscopy Biomacromolecules 5: 334–341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gbolade A.A., (2001). Plant-derived insecticides in the control of malaria vector J. Trop. Med. Plants 2: 91–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Giraud-Robert A.M., (2005). The role of aromatherapy in the treatment of viral hepatitis Inter. J. Aromather. 15: 183–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gozes I., (2001). Neuroprotective peptide drug delivery and development: potential new therapeutics Trends Neurosci. 24: 700–705

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan E.E., Gallo J.M., (1990). A simple rheological method for the in vitro assessment of mucin-polymer bioadhesive bond strength Pharm. Res. 7: 491–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann A., Debonneville C., Laubscher V., Aymard L., (2000). Dynamic headspace analysis of the light-induced controlled release of perfumery aldehydes and ketones from α-keto esters in bodycare and household applications Flavour Fragr. J. 15: 425–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jabbal-Gill I., Fischer A.N., Rappuoli R., Davis S.S., Illum L., (1998). Stimulation of mucosal and systemic responses against Bordetella pertussis filamentous haemagglutinin and recombinant pertussis toxin after nasal administration with chitosan in mice Vaccine 16: 2039–2046

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwabena O.K., Fell J.T., (2001). Biphasic drug release: the permeability of films containing pectin, chitosan and HPMC Int. J. Pharm. 226: 139–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lahlou M., (2004). Essential oils and fragrance compounds: bioactivity and mechanism of action Flavour Fragr. J. 19: 159–165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L.S., Ito Y., Imanishi Y., (1991). Synthesis and antithrombogenicity of heparinized polyurethanes with intervening spacer chains of various kinds Biomaterials 12: 390–402

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L.S., Fishman M.L., Kost J., Hicks K.B., (2003). Pectin-based systems for colon-specific drug delivery via oral route Biomaterials 214: 3333–3343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L.S., Fishman M.L., Hicks K.B., Kende M., (2005a). Interaction of various pectin formulations with porcine colonic tissues Biomaterials 26: 5907–5916

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L.S., Fishman M.L., Hicks K.B. and Kende M. 2005b. Drug Delivery Systems from Pectin Formulations, Pecifichem Conference, #166970, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, December 15–20

  • Liu L.S., Fishman M.L. and Hicks K.B. 2005c. Pectin, a polysaccharide for drug delivery systems. 8th US–Japan Symposium on Drug Delivery Systems, December 19–22, 2005, Maui, Hawaii, USA

  • Liu L.S., Chen G., Fishman M.L., Hicks K.B., (2005d). Pectin gel vehicles for controlled fragrance delivery Drug Delivery 12: 149–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L.S., Kende M., Ruthel G., Fishman M.L., Hicks K.B., (2006). Pectin/Zein beads for potential colon-specific drug delivery: synthesis and in vitro evaluation Drug Delivery 13(4): 1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathiowitz E., Bernstein H., Morrel E. and Schwaller K. 1993. Method for producing protein microspheres. US Patent No.␣5,271,961

  • Meyer J.H., Dressman J., Fink A., Amidon G., (1985). Effect of size and density on canine gastric emptying of non digestible solids Gastroenterology 89: 805–813

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohnen D. 1999 Biosynthesis of pectins and galactomannans. In: Pinto B.M. (ed) Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry. Vol 3, Carbohydrates and their Derivatives Including Tannins, Cellulose, and Related Lignins. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 497–527

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama H., Kaetsu I., Uchida K., Okuda J., Kitami T., Matsubara Y., (2003). Preparation of temperature responsive fragrance release membranes by UV curing Radiation Phys. Chem. 67: 131–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okabe H., Takayama T., Nagai T., (1992). Percutaneous absorption of ketoprofen from acrylic gel patches containing D-limonene and ethanol as absorption enhancers Chem. Pharm. Bull. 40: 1906–1910

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez S., Mazeau K., Penhoat C.H., (2000). The three-dimensional structures of the pectic polysaccharides Plant Physiol. Biochem. 38(1/2): 37–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridley B.L., O’Neill M.A., Mohnen D. 2001 Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, and oligogalacturonide-related signaling Phytochemistry 57: 929–967

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi S., Bonferoni M.C., Ferrari F., Bertoni M., Caramella C., (1996). Characterization of mucin interaction with three viscosity grades of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Comparison between rheological and tensile testing Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 4: 189–196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semdé R., Amighi A. Devleeschouwer M.J., Moës A.J., (2000). Studies of pectin HM/Eudragi NE film coating formulations intended for colon drug delivery Int. J. Pharm. 197: 181–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla R., Munir C., (2001). Zein: the industrial protein from corn Ind. Crops Prod. 13: 171–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha V.R., Kumira R., (2001). Polysaccharides in colon-specific drug delivery Int. J. Pharm. 224: 19–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamburic S., Craig D.Q.M., (1997). A comparison of different in vitro method for measuring mucoadhesive performance Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 44: 159–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turkoglu M., Ugurlu T., (2002). In vitro evaluation of pectin-HPMC compression coated 5-aminosaclicylic acid tablets for colon delivery Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 53: 65–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandammer T.F., Lenourry A., Charrueau C., Chaumeil J.C., (2002). The use of polysaccharides to target drugs to the colon Carbohydr. Polym. 48: 219–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaddi H.K., Ho P.C., Chan S.Y., (2002). Terpenes in propylene glycol as skin-penetration enhancers: permeation and partition of haloperidol, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry J. Pharm. Sci. 91: 1639–1651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams A.C., Barry B.W. 1991, Terpenes and the lipid–protein-partitioning theory of skin penetration enhancerment Pharm. Res. 8(1): 17–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams A.C. and Barry B.W. 1993. Terpenes as skin penetration enhancers In: Walters K.A. and Hadgraft J. (eds.), Pharmaceutical Skin Penetration Enhancement. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 95–111

  • Zhai H., Maibach H.I., (2001). Effects of skin occlusion on percutaneous absorption: an overview Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 14: 1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Peter H.␣Cooke (USDA-ARS-ERRC) and Dr Myer Kende (USAMRIID) for their technical assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Crop Conversion Science and Engineering Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA

    LinShu Liu, Marshall L. Fishman & Kevin B. Hicks

Authors
  1. LinShu Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marshall L. Fishman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kevin B. Hicks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to LinShu Liu.

Additional information

Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Liu, L., Fishman, M.L. & Hicks, K.B. Pectin in controlled drug delivery – a review. Cellulose 14, 15–24 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-006-9095-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-006-9095-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation