Abstract
Background
Anxiety impairs adolescent development and is a risk factor for psychopathology. However, factors related to anxiety impairment’s severity remain poorly studied.
Objective
This study aims to document anxiety impairment across different domains in adolescents and to study associated factors (sociodemographic, specific anxiety, and depressive symptoms, psychological vulnerabilities).
Methods
Adolescents aged 11 to 17 (N = 4616) participated in this cross-sectional correlational study. They were recruited from several schools in Canada and answered questionnaires.
Results
Anxiety impairment was higher in the school domain, compared to the social and family domains. Respectively, 9.64%, 5.23% and 2.02% of adolescents reported experiencing moderate or high impairment in these domains. Controlling for symptom severity, anxiety impairment seemed higher in females, adolescents from regular programs and those starting high school. All types of symptoms predicted school impairment, except the obsessive–compulsive (OC) ones. Symptoms of panic, generalized anxiety, post-traumatic stress (PTS), as well as depressive symptoms were moderately related to impairment, while the other symptoms were weakly related. Only OC and PTS symptoms did not predict impairment in the social domain, and only PTS, separation anxiety and depressive symptoms predicted impairment in the family domain. Perfectionism, intolerance of uncertainty and negative problem orientation predicted impairment levels after controlling for symptom severity.
Conclusions
This study notes relatively high rates of anxiety impairment in high school and suggests more school impairment. It offers possible explanatory factors that could be useful to establish more detailed models and interventions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen, J. P., Insabella, G., Porter, M. R., Smith, F. D., Land, D., & Phillips, N. (2006). A social-interactional model of the development of depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.74.1.55
Andrews, G., Hobbs, M. J., Borkovec, T. D., Beesdo, K., Craske, M. G., Heimberg, R. G., Rapee, R. M., Ruscio, A. M., & Stanley, M. A. (2010). Generalized worry disorder: A review of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder and options for DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 27(2), 134–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20658
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., Farmer, E. M. Z., Burns, B. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999). Impaired but undiagnosed. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(2), 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199902000-00011
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Armstrong, R. A. (2014). When to use the Bonferroni correction. Opthalmic and Physiological Optics, 34(5), 502–508. https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12131
Axelson, D. A., & Birmaher, B. (2001). Relation between anxiety and depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence. Depression and Anxiety, 14(2), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.1048
Baker, S. R. (2006). Towards an idiothetic understanding of the role of social problem solving in daily event, mood and health experiences: A prospective daily diary approach. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(PT 3), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910705x57647
Balázs, J., Miklósi, M., Keresztény, A., Hoven, C. W., Carli, V., Wasserman, C., Apter, A., Bobes, J., Brunner, R., Cosman, D., Cotter, P., Haring, C., Iosue, M., Kaess, M., Kahn, J. P., Keeley, H., Marusic, D., Postuvan, V., Resch, F., … Wasserman, D. (2013). Adolescent subthreshold‐depression and anxiety: Psychopathology, functional impairment and increased suicide risk. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(6), 670–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12016
Barahmand, U. (2008). Age and gender differences in adolescent worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(8), 778–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.006
Bedel, A. (2015). The relationship between interpersonal problem solving, positive-negative affect and anxiety. Studia Psychologica, 57(2), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.21909/sp.2015.02.688
Beesdo, K., Knappe, S., & Pine, D. S. (2009). Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32(3), 483–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002
Bögels, S. M., & Brechman-Toussaint, M. L. (2006). Family issues in child anxiety: Attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(7), 834–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.08.001
Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O. M., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorders: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77–108). The Guilford Press.
Brady, E. U., & Kendall, P. C. (1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 111(2), 244–255. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.244
Brown, B. B., & Larson, J. (2009). Peer relationships in adolescence. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology: Contextual influences on adolescent development (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 74–103). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002004
Chavira, D. A., Stein, M. B., Bailey, K., & Stein, M. T. (2004). Child anxiety in primary care: Prevalent but untreated. Depression and Anxiety, 20(4), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20039
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 316–336. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316
Cobham, V. E., Hickling, A., Kimball, H., Thomas, H. J., Scott, J. G., & Middeldorp, C. M. (2020). Systematic review: Anxiety in children and adolescents with chronic medical conditions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(5), 595–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.10.010
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 87–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87
Connolly, S. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2016). Information processing biases concurrently and prospectively predict depressive symptoms in adolescents: Evidence from a self-referent encoding task. Cognition & Emotion, 30(3), 550–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1010488
Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., Shanahan, L., & Costello, E. J. (2014). Longitudinal patterns of anxiety from childhood to adulthood: The Great Smoky Mountains Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(1), 21–33.
Costello, E. J., Angold, A., & Keeler, G. P. (1999). Adolescent outcomes of childhood disorders: The consequences of severity and impairment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(2), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199902000-00010
Costello, E. J., Copeland, W., & Angold, A. (2011). Trends in psychopathology across the adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(10), 1015–1025. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02446.x
Dalrymple, K. L., & Zimmerman, M. (2011). Age of onset of social anxiety disorder in depressed outpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(1), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.012
Dion, V., Jalbert, J., Sirois, P., Brizard, N., Gosselin, P., Lane, J., Therriault, D., & Roberge, P. (2021, October). Validation psychométrique de la version francophone du Child Anxiety Impact Scale (CAIS) auprès d’adolescents québécois. Poster presentation session at the first edition of the Journée de la recherche en psychologie de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Qc, Canada.
Dodd, H. F., & Lester, K. J. (2021). Adventurous play as a mechanism for reducing risk for childhood anxiety: A conceptual model. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 24(1), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-020-00338-w
Donner, N. C., & Lowry, C. A. (2013). Sex differences in anxiety and emotional behavior. Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology, 465(5), 601–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-013-1271-7
Douilliez, C., & Hénot, E. (2013). Measuring perfectionism in adolescents: Validation of the French versions of two questionnaires. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 45(1), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022686
Duchesne, S., Ratelle, C. F., Poitras, S. C., & Drouin, E. (2009). Early adolescent attachment to parents, emotional problems, and teacher-academic worries about the middle school transition. Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(5), 743–766. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431608325502
Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(2), 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00070-3
Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., & Ladouceur, R. (2001). Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: Investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(5), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005553414688
Dugas, M. J., Laugesen, N., & Bukowski, W. M. (2012). Intolerance of uncertainty, fear of anxiety, and adolescent worry. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(6), 863–870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9611-1
Etkin, R. G., Lebowitz, E. R., & Silverman, W. K. (2024). Assessing anxiety-related impairment in children and adolescents. Assessment, 31(1), 94–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911231194972
Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage.
Flett, G., Hewitt, P. L., Boucher, D. J., Davidson, L. A., & Munro, Y. (2000). The Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale: Development, validation, and association with adjustment [Unpublished manuscript]. The University of British Columbia. https://hewittlab.psych.ubc.ca/files/2014/11/CAPS.pdf
Ford, T., Goodman, R., & Meltzer, H. (2003). The British child and adolescent mental health survey 1999: The prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(10), 1203–1211. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011
Gandhi, B., Cheek, S., & Campo, J. V. (2012). Anxiety in the pediatric medical setting. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(3), 643–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.013
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A Simple guide and reference (16th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429056765
Gosselin, P., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (2002). Inquiétude et résolution de problèmes sociaux: Le rôle de l’attitude négative face au problème [Worry and problem solving: The role of negative problem orientation]. Journal De Thérapie Comportementale Et Cognitive, 12(2), 49–58.
Gosselin, P., Ladouceur, R., Evers, A., Laverdière, A., Routhier, S., & Tremblay-Picard, M. (2008). Evaluation of intolerance of uncertainty: Development and validation of a new self-report measure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(8), 1427–1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.02.005
Gosselin, P., René-de-Cotret, F., & Martin, A. (2019). A new instrument measuring cognitive variables associated with generalized anxiety disorder in youth: CAG. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 51(4), 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000131
Gosselin, P., Langlois, F., & Racicot, G. (2023). L’intervention cognitivo-comportementale auprès des enfants et des adolescents atteints d’inquiétudes excessives et de trouble d’anxiété généralisée. In L. Turgeon & S. Parent (Eds.), Intervention cognitivo-comportementale auprès des enfants et des adolescents : Tome 1 - Troubles intériorisés (pp. 95–144). Presses de l’Université du Québec.
Hébert, M., & Tourigny, M. (2010). Effects of a psychoeducational group intervention for children victims of sexual abuse. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 3(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361521003726930
Helsen, M., Vollebergh, W., & Meeus, W. (2000). Social support from parents and friends and emotional problems in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(3), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005147708827
Hewitt, P. L., Caelian, C. F., Flett, G. L., Sherry, S. B., Collins, L., & Flynn, C. A. (2002). Perfectionism in children: Associations with depression, anxiety and anger. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(6), 1049–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00109-X
Hoff, A. L., Kendall, P. C., Langley, A., Ginsburg, G., Keeton, C., Compton, S., Sherrill, J., Walkup, J., Birmaher, B., Albano, A. M., Suveg, C., & Piacentini, J. (2017). Developmental differences in functioning in youth with social phobia. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 46(5), 686–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1079779
Jacob, M. L., Suveg, C., & Whitehead, M. R. (2014). Relations between emotional and social functioning in children with anxiety disorders. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 45(5), 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-013-0421-7
Jacobs, R. H., Reinecke, M. A., Gollan, J. K., & Kane, P. (2008). Empirical evidence of cognitive vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: A cognitive science and developmental perspective. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(5), 759–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.10.006
Jenkinson, R., Milne, E., & Thompson, A. (2020). The relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety in autism: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Autism, 24(8), 1933–1944. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320932437
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
Krause, K. R., Edbrooke-Childs, J., Singleton, R., & Wolpert, M. (2021). Are We Comparing Apples with Oranges? Assessing Improvement Across Symptoms, Functioning, and Goal Progress for Adolescent Anxiety and Depression. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 53(4), 737–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01149-y
Landreville, P., Landry, J., Baillargeon, L., Guérette, A., & Matteau, É. (2001). Older adults’ acceptance of psychological and pharmacological treatments for depression. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 56(5), 285–291. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.5.p285
Langley, A. K., Falk, A., Peris, T., Wiley, J. F., Kendall, P. C., Ginsburg, G., Birmaher, B., March, J., Albano, A. M., & Piacentini, J. (2014). The Child Anxiety Impact Scale: Examining parent- and child-reported impairment in child anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43(4), 579–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.817311
Laplante, B., Doray, P., Tremblay, É., Kamanzi, P. C., Pilote, A., & Lafontaine, O. (2018). L’accès à l’enseignement postsecondaire au Québec : Le rôle de la segmentation scolaire dans la reproduction des inégalités [Access to post-secondary education in Quebec: The role of segmentation in education in the reproduction of inequalities]. Cahiers Québécois De Démographie, 47, 49–80. https://doi.org/10.7202/1062106ar
Last, C. G., Strauss, C. C., & Francis, G. (1987). Comorbidity among childhood anxiety disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175(12), 726–730. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198712000-00004
Laugesen, N., Dugas, M. J., & Bukowski, W. M. (2003). Understanding adolescent worry: The application of a cognitive model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021721332181
Lawrence, P. J., Murayama, K., & Creswell, C. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis: Anxiety and depressive disorders in offspring of parents with anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(1), 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.898
Lubienski, C. (2006). School diversification in second-best education markets: International evidence and conflicting theories of change. Educational Policy, 20(2), 323–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904805284049
Lyneham, H. J., Sburlati, E. S., Abbott, M. J., Rapee, R. M., Hudson, J. L., Tolin, D. F., & Carlson, S. E. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Child Anxiety Life Interference Scale (CALIS). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(7), 711–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.09.008
Maldonado, L., Huang, Y., Chen, R., Kasen, S., Cohen, P., & Chen, H. (2013). Impact of early adolescent anxiety disorders on self-esteem development from adolescence to young adulthood. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(2), 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.02.025
Manassis, K., & Menna, R. (1999). Depression in anxious children: Possible factors in comorbidity. Depression and Anxiety, 10(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1999)10:1%3c18::AID-DA3%3e3.0.CO;2-R
Martin, A., & Gosselin, P. (2012). Psychometric properties of the French adaptation of a measure for symptoms of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents (SCARED-R). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 44(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023103
Maydeu-Olivares, A., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (1996). A factor-analytic study of the social problem-solving inventory: An integration of theory and data. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20(2), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02228030
McCurdy, B. H., Scozzafava, M. D., Bradley, T., Matlow, R., Weems, C. F., & Carrion, V. G. (2022). Impact of anxiety and depression on academic achievement among underserved school children: Evidence of suppressor effects. Current Psychology, 42, 26793–26801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03801-9
McLean, C. P., & Anderson, E. R. (2009). Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.003
Merikangas, K. R., He, J. P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Hilt, L. M. (2008). Handbook of depression in adolescents. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203809518
Nowland, R., & Qualter, P. (2020). Influence of social anxiety and emotional self-efficacy on pre-transition concerns, social threat sensitivity, and social adaptation to secondary school. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(1), 227–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12276
O’Neil, K. A., Podell, J. L., Benjamin, C. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2010). Comorbid depressive disorders in anxiety-disordered youth: Demographic, clinical, and family characteristics. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41(3), 330–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0170-9
Ohannessian, C. M., Milan, S., & Vannucci, A. (2017). Gender differences in anxiety trajectories from middle to late adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(4), 826–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0619-7
Osmanağaoğlu, N., Creswell, C., & Dodd, H. F. (2018). Intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and worry in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.035
Parodi, K. B., Holt, M. K., Green, J. G., Porche, M. V., Koenig, B., & Xuan, Z. (2022). Time trends and disparities in anxiety among adolescents, 2012–2018. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 57(1), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02122-9
Pekrun, R. (2017). Emotion and achievement during adolescence. Child Development Perspectives, 11(3), 215–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12237
Piché, G., Cournoyer, M., Bergeron, L., Clément, M., & Smolla, N. (2017). Epidemiology of depressive and anxiety disorders among Quebec children and adolescents. Santé Mentale Au Québec, 42, 19–42. https://doi.org/10.7202/1040242ar
Prenoveau, J. M., Zinbarg, R. E., Craske, M. G., Mineka, S., Griffith, J. W., & Epstein, A. M. (2010). Testing a hierarchical model of anxiety and depression in adolescents: A tri-level model. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(3), 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.01.006
Prenoveau, J., Craske, M., Counsell, N., West, V., Davies, B., Cooper, P., Rapa, E., & Stein, A. (2013). Postpartum GAD is a risk factor for postpartum MDD: The course and longitudinal relationships of postpartum GAD and MDD. Depression and Anxiety, 30(6), 506–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22040
Queen, A. H., & Ehrenreich-May, J. (2014). Anxiety-disordered adolescents with and without a comorbid depressive disorder: Variations in clinical presentation and emotion regulation. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 22(3), 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426613478175
Rapee, R. M., Bögels, S. M., van der Sluis, C. M., Craske, M. G., & Ollendick, T. (2012). Annual research review: Conceptualising functional impairment in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(5), 454–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02479.x
Reinecke, M. A., DuBois, D. L., & Schultz, T. M. (2001). Social problem solving, mood, and suicidality among inpatient adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(6), 743–756. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012971423547
Rice, K. G., & Preusser, K. J. (2002). The Adaptive/Maladaptive Perfectionism Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34(4), 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2002.12069038
Rodríguez-Menchón, M., Orgilés, M., Fernández-Martínez, I., Espada, J. P., & Morales, A. (2021). Rumination, catastrophizing, and other-blame: The cognitive-emotional regulation strategies involved in anxiety-related life interference in anxious children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 52(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-00988-5
Saint-Laurent, L. (1990). Psychometric study of Kovacs’s Children’s Depression Inventory with a French-speaking sample. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 22(4), 377–384. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0078990
Shaffer, D., & Waslick, B. D. (2002). The many faces in depression in children and adolescents. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Shtayermman, O. (2009). An exploratory study of the stigma associated with a diagnosis of Asperger’s syndrome: The mental health impact on the adolescents and young adults diagnosed with a disability with a social nature. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19(3), 298–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911350902790720
Silva Júnior, E. A., & Gomes, C. A. (2015). Psychiatric comorbidities among adolescents with and without anxiety disorders: A community study. Jornal Brasileiro De Psiquiatria, 64(3), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000076
Silverman, W. K., & Saavedra, L. M. (2001). Test-retest reliability of anxiety symptoms and diagnoses with the anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: Child and parent versions. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(8), 937–944. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200108000-00016
Siu, A. M. H., & Shek, D. T. L. (2010). Social problem solving as a predictor of well-being in adolescents and young adults. Social Indicators Research, 95(3), 393–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9527-5
Skinner, E. A., & Saxton, E. A. (2019). The development of academic coping in children and youth: A comprehensive review and critique. Developmental Review, 53, 100870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2019.100870
Stark, E., Stacey, J., Mandy, W., Kringelbach, M. L., & Happé, F. (2021). Autistic cognition: Charting routes to anxiety. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(7), 571–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.03.014
Starr, L. R., & Davila, J. (2012). Temporal patterns of anxious and depressed mood in generalized anxiety disorder: A daily diary study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(2), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.11.005
Steinsbekk, S., Ranum, B., & Wichstrøm, L. (2022). Prevalence and course of anxiety disorders and symptoms from preschool to adolescence: A 6-wave community study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(5), 527–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13487
Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 295–319. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
Stringaris, A., & Goodman, R. (2013). The value of measuring impact alongside symptoms in children and adolescents: A longitudinal assessment in a community sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(7), 1109–1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9744-x
Tomb, M., & Hunter, L. (2004). Prevention of anxiety in children and adolescents in a school setting: The role of school-based practitioners. Children & Schools, 26, 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/26.2.87
Wagner, G., Karwautz, A., Philipp, J., Truttmann, S., Dür, W., Waldherr, K., Berger, G., & Zeiler, M. (2023). Mental health and health-related quality of life in Austrian adolescents with chronic physical health conditions: Results from the MHAT Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(5), 1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12051927
Wang, M. T. L., DegolJ, Amemiya J., Parr, A., & Guo, J. (2020). Classroom climate and children’s academic and psychological wellbeing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 57, 100912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2020.100912
Warren, S. L., & Sroufe, L. A. (2004). Developmental issues. In T. H. Ollendick & J. S. March (Eds.), Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A clinician's guide to effective psychosocial and pharmacological interventions (pp. 92–115). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195135947.003.0004
Weems, C. F. (2008). Developmental trajectories of childhood anxiety: Identifying continuity and change in anxious emotion. Developmental Review, 28(4), 488–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2008.01.001
Weems, C. F., & Costa, N. M. (2005). Developmental differences in the expression of childhood anxiety symptoms and fears. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(7), 656–663. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000162583.25829.4b
Weems, C. F., Graham, R. A., Scott, B. G., Banks, D. M., & Russell, J. D. (2013). Suppressor effects and age differences in the expression of anxious emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(3), 283–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.007
Westenberg, P. M., Siebelink, B. M., & Treffers, P. D. A. (2001). Psychosocial developmental theory in relation to anxiety and its disorders. In W. K. Silverman & P. D. A. Treffers (Eds.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Research, assessment and intervention (pp. 72–89). Cambridge University Press.
Westenberg, P. M., Gullone, E., Bokhorst, C. L., Heyne, D. A., & King, N. J. (2007). Social evaluation fear in childhood and adolescence: Normative developmental course and continuity of individual differences. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 25(3), 471–483. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151006X173099
Whiteside, S. P. (2009). Adapting the Sheehan Disability Scale to assess child and parent impairment related to childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(5), 721–730. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410903103551
Winer, E. S., Bryant, J., Bartoszek, G., Rojas, E., Nadorff, M. R., & Kilgore, J. (2017). Mapping the relationship between anxiety, anhedonia, and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 221, 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.006
Wittchen, H.-U., Beesdo, K., Bittner, A., & Goodwin, R. D. (2003). Depressive episodes–Evidence for a causal role of primary anxiety disorders? European Psychiatry, 18(8), 384–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.10.001
Yang, W. (2022). A review of family structure’s effects on children's mental well being. In 2022 5th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (pp. 661–667). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-89-3_78
Funding
The collection of data for this research was made possible through the financial support of the Public Health Agency of Canada’s Mental Health Promotion Innovation Fund and the Réseau universitaire intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l’Université de Sherbrooke (RUISSS).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Dion, V., Brizard, N., Jalbert, J. et al. Symptoms and Psychological Factors Linked to Anxiety Impairment in Adolescents. Child Youth Care Forum (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-024-09805-9
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-024-09805-9