Abstract
The aim of this study was to reveal the temporal and spatial changes of strain parameters during the progression of chronic coronary ischemia. Fourteen pigs received occluder implantation to create gradual ischemia (CI), while six pigs underwent a sham surgery (Control). Six pigs after myocardial infarction were also studied (MI). Strain analysis was performed using a speckle-tracking algorithm. Eleven of the 14 animals with occluder implantation had total occlusion of the left anterior descending artery with collaterals at 1 month (early occlusion group), whereas three pigs had occlusion at 3 months (late occlusion group). Both radial strain (RS) and circumferential strain (CS) of ischemic area deteriorated at 1 month in the early occlusion group and remained at the same level throughout the remaining 2 months of the experiment. In the late occlusion group, RS gradually declined, while CS took the same course as Control until the 2 month time point. Thereafter, both metrics reached the same level as the early occlusion group at the time of occlusion. Interestingly, RS in the remote area decreased moderately, whereas CS remained normal in CI pigs. The comparison between CI and MI revealed preserved CS at the ischemic area in CI pigs. Both RS and CS deteriorate by the time total coronary occlusion was established and remain at the same level thereafter. Altered RS in the remote area may be an indicator of remodeling in the non-ischemic area, whereas CS may be useful for distinguishing between transmural and non-transmural scar.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Di Carli MF, Maddahi J, Rokhsar S, Schelbert HR, Bianco-Batlles D, Brunken RC, Fromm B (1998) Long-term survival of patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: implications for the role of myocardial viability assessment in management decisions. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 116(6):997–1004. doi:S0022522398004759
Emond M, Mock MB, Davis KB, Fisher LD, Holmes DR Jr, Chaitman BR, Kaiser GC, Alderman E, Killip T III (1994) Long-term survival of medically treated patients in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry. Circulation 90(6):2645–2657
Braunwald E, Pfeffer MA (1991) Ventricular enlargement and remodeling following acute myocardial infarction: mechanisms and management. Am J Cardiol 68(14):1D–6D
Thanavaro S, Krone RJ, Kleiger RE, Province MA, Miller JP, deMello VR, Oliver GC (1980) In-hospital prognosis of patients with first nontransmural and transmural infarctions. Circulation 61(1):29–33
Nesbitt GC, Mankad S, Oh JK (2009) Strain imaging in echocardiography: methods and clinical applications. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 25(Suppl 1):9–22. doi:10.1007/s10554-008-9414-1
Edvardsen T, Skulstad H, Aakhus S, Urheim S, Ihlen H (2001) Regional myocardial systolic function during acute myocardial ischemia assessed by strain Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 37(3):726–730. doi:S0735-1097(00)01160-8
Perk G, Tunick PA, Kronzon I (2007) Non-Doppler two-dimensional strain imaging by echocardiography—from technical considerations to clinical applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 20(3):234–243. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2006.08.023
Rahimtoola SH, Dilsizian V, Kramer CM, Marwick TH, Vanoverschelde JL (2008) Chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction: from pathophysiology to imaging and its integration into clinical practice. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 1(4):536–555. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.05.009
Chan J, Hanekom L, Wong C, Leano R, Cho GY, Marwick TH (2006) Differentiation of subendocardial and transmural infarction using two-dimensional strain rate imaging to assess short-axis and long-axis myocardial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(10):2026–2033. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.050
Becker M, Hoffmann R, Kuhl HP, Grawe H, Katoh M, Kramann R, Bucker A, Hanrath P, Heussen N (2006) Analysis of myocardial deformation based on ultrasonic pixel tracking to determine transmurality in chronic myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 27(21):2560–2566. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl288
Becker M, Lenzen A, Ocklenburg C, Stempel K, Kuhl H, Neizel M, Katoh M, Kramann R, Wildberger J, Kelm M, Hoffmann R (2008) Myocardial deformation imaging based on ultrasonic pixel tracking to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(15):1473–1481. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.066
Caillaud D, Calderon J, Reant P, Lafitte S, Dos Santos P, Couffinhal T, Roques X, Barandon L (2010) Echocardiographic analysis with a two-dimensional strain of chronic myocardial ischemia induced with ameroid constrictor in the pig. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 10(5):689–693. doi:10.1510/icvts.2010.232819
Ishikawa K, Ladage D, Takewa Y, Yaniz E, Chen J, Tilemann L, Sakata S, Badimon JJ, Hajjar RJ, Kawase Y (2011) Development of a pre-clinical model of ischemic cardiomyopathy in swine. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 301:H530–H537. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01103.2010
Ishikawa K, Ladage D, Tilemann L, Fish K, Kawase Y, Hajjar RJ (2011) Gene transfer for ischemic heart failure in a preclinical model. J Vis Exp (51). doi:10.3791/2778
Canty JM Jr, Klocke FJ (1987) Reductions in regional myocardial function at rest in conscious dogs with chronically reduced regional coronary artery pressure. Circ Res 61(5 Pt 2):II107–II116
Heusch G, Schulz R, Rahimtoola SH (2005) Myocardial hibernation: a delicate balance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288(3):H984–H999. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01109.2004
Jones CJ, Raposo L, Gibson DG (1990) Functional importance of the long axis dynamics of the human left ventricle. Br Heart J 63(4):215–220
Kudej RK, Ghaleh B, Sato N, Shen YT, Bishop SP, Vatner SF (1998) Ineffective perfusion-contraction matching in conscious, chronically instrumented pigs with an extended period of coronary stenosis. Circ Res 82(11):1199–1205
Gallagher KP, Osakada G, Matsuzaki M, Miller M, Kemper WS, Ross J Jr (1985) Nonuniformity of inner and outer systolic wall thickening in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 249(2 Pt 2):H241–H248
Myers JH, Stirling MC, Choy M, Buda AJ, Gallagher KP (1986) Direct measurement of inner and outer wall thickening dynamics with epicardial echocardiography. Circulation 74(1):164–172
Greenbaum RA, Ho SY, Gibson DG, Becker AE, Anderson RH (1981) Left ventricular fibre architecture in man. Br Heart J 45(3):248–263
Clark NR, Reichek N, Bergey P, Hoffman EA, Brownson D, Palmon L, Axel L (1991) Circumferential myocardial shortening in the normal human left ventricle. Assessment by magnetic resonance imaging using spatial modulation of magnetization. Circulation 84(1):67–74
Cho GY, Marwick TH, Kim HS, Kim MK, Hong KS, Oh DJ (2009) Global 2-dimensional strain as a new prognosticator in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 54(7):618–624. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.061
Kimura K, Takenaka K, Ebihara A, Uno K, Iwata H, Sata M, Kohro T, Morita H, Yatomi Y, Nagai R (2011) Reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy of three-layer speckle tracking echocardiography in a Swine chronic ischemia model. Echocardiography 28(10):1148–1155. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01517.x
Adamu U, Schmitz F, Becker M, Kelm M, Hoffmann R (2009) Advanced speckle tracking echocardiography allowing a three-myocardial layer-specific analysis of deformation parameters. Eur J Echocardiogr 10(2):303–308. doi:10.1093/ejechocard/jen238
Kleijn SA, Aly MF, Terwee CB, van Rossum AC, Kamp O (2011) Reliability of left ventricular volumes and function measurements using three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr. doi:10.1093/ejechocard/jer174
Jackson BM, Gorman JH, Moainie SL, Guy TS, Narula N, Narula J, John-Sutton MG, Edmunds LH Jr, Gorman RC (2002) Extension of borderzone myocardium in postinfarction dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 40(6):1160–1167. doi:S0735109702021216 discussion 1168–1171
Jackson BM, Parish LM, Gorman JH III, Enomoto Y, Sakamoto H, Plappert T, St John Sutton MG, Salgo I, Gorman RC (2005) Borderzone geometry after acute myocardial infarction: a three-dimensional contrast enhanced echocardiographic study. Ann Thorac Surg 80(6):2250–2255. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.05.103
Migrino RQ, Zhu X, Morker M, Brahmbhatt T, Bright M, Zhao M (2008) Myocardial dysfunction in the periinfarct and remote regions following anterior infarction in rats quantified by 2D radial strain echocardiography: an observational cohort study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 6:17. doi:10.1186/1476-7120-6-17
Moen CA, Salminen PR, Grong K, Matre K (2011) Left ventricular strain, rotation, and torsion as markers of acute myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 300(6):H2142–H2154. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01012.2010
Burns AT, La Gerche A, D’Hooge J, MacIsaac AI, Prior DL (2010) Left ventricular strain and strain rate: characterization of the effect of load in human subjects. Eur J Echocardiogr 11(3):283–289. doi:10.1093/ejechocard/jep214
Acknowledgments
Special thanks goes to Catherine McMahon, BS and James Lough for providing technical expertise. This work is supported by Leducq Foundation through the Caerus network (RJH), by NIH R01 HL093183, HL088434, HL071763, HL080498, HL083156, and P20HL100396 (RJH). DL was supported by the German Research Foundation. ERC was supported by T32HL007824 (NIH-NHLBI).
Conflict of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ishikawa, K., Kawase, Y., Ladage, D. et al. Temporal changes of strain parameters in the progress of chronic ischemia: with comparison to transmural infarction. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 28, 1671–1681 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-012-0010-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-012-0010-z