Abstract
Maintenance of phenotypic and genotypic diversity within and across species and populations is critical for their capacity to survive and adapt to changing environments. Climate change potentially puts cryptic diversity and populations at increased risk, highlighting the importance of quantifying and understanding this diversity before it is lost. This study focuses on Bombus lapponicus sylvicola, a bumble bee species that has undergone recent taxonomic additions and revisions. We tested the null hypotheses that B. l. sylvicola over a 40,000 km2 geographic range and climatic gradient in the Canadian Rocky Mountains represented a single genetic population. Furthermore, we evaluated predictions for mechanisms behind genomic divergence among groups under this framework. We sampled bumble bees from 69 sites and used DNA from two different species (131 B. l. sylvicola and 435 individuals of the closely related B. melanopygus as an outgroup) to characterize 20,000 SNPs and measure relatedness and gene flow. We collected phenotypic data on color patterns and mapped population distribution based on environmental variables. We found evidence of two phenotypically and genetically distinct parapatric populations of B. l. sylvicola that appear to have diverged under conditions of gene flow and differential recombination. Our models suggest that these populations occupy distinct climatic regions, with a newly described cryptic population found in locations reaching a lower minimum temperature. This research presents evidence for the role of adaptative evolution in response to different climate conditions.
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Color phenotype data and genetic data are available on Dryad.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Hailey Bloom, Jessy Bokvist, David Clake, Brenna Stanford, and Luke Storey for helping to carry out the field work in this study, and Parks Canada for their support in facilitating field sampling. Thanks to Hailey Bloom, Emma Dunlop, and Michael Gavin for assisting with species identification, and to Rebecca Innes for helping to collect phenotypic data. This research occurred on the traditional lands of the Siksikaitsitapi (Blackfoot Confederacy) Siksika, Kainai and Piikani First Nations; the Iyarhe (Stoney) Nakoda First Nation; the Tsuut’ina First Nation, the Métis Nation of Alberta; and the Ktunaxa First Nations.
Funding
This work was funded by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Discovery Grants to Paul Galpern and Sean Rogers, and an Alberta Conservation Association (ACA) Grant in Biodiversity to Danielle Clake. We are grateful to the Digital Research Alliance of Canada for supplying computing resources.
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All authors contributed to research design. DC performed data collection, data analysis and wrote the original draft of the manuscript. PG and SR provided resources, supervision and review and editing of writing.
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Clake, D.J., Rogers, S.M. & Galpern, P. Cryptic genotypic and phenotypic diversity in parapatric bumble bee populations associated with minimum cold temperatures. Biodivers Conserv 33, 485–507 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02753-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02753-1