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Inselbergs from Brazilian Atlantic Forest: high biodiversity refuges of vascular epiphytes from Espírito Santo

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Abstract

Inselbergs are old outcrops, characterized by large expanses of open rocks and by distinct environmental filters. Many studies have been carried out on inselberg’s flora in the last decades. In contrast, vascular epiphytes received little attention compared to lithophytic groups. We aimed to investigate the role of inselbergs of the Espírito Santo as a refuge for epiphytic flora in Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. In addition, we provide and discuss data on taxonomic representativeness, endemism, and threat status of the epiphyte species We used a combination of two online national databases of flora, species data collected by the authors and previously published studies. We record 266 species of vascular epiphytes (220 angiosperms; 43 ferns and three lycophytes), belonging to 89 genera and 18 families. Of these, three species (two orchids and one bromeliad) are restricted on Vellozia stems and represent an exceptional case of epiphyte-phorophyte specificity. For these species, we propose the term “specialist rock epiphytes”. The richest families were Orchidaceae, followed by Bromeliaceae and Polypodiaceae, while Vriesea, Acianthera, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Peperomia, and Tillandsia represent the richest genera. The Espírito Santo inselbergs host endangered, endemic species, and a high number of species (77.0%) that are typical of the surrounding forest core of the Atlantic Forest, reinforcing the relevance of these xeric ecosystems as refuges for vascular epiphytes and that sometimes constitute the only chances of survival for native species epiphytes.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Programa de Capacitação Institucional (PCI) of the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovações (MCTI) within the Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA): Grants (TMF #300906/2022-6 and DRC #301141/2022-3). CNF is grateful to Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro for their respective grants (FAPERJ, Programa Jovem Cientista do Nosso Estado, Grant No. 201.280/2022) and CNPq (Edital Universal, Grant No. 422191/2021-3). The authors thank Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA) and Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ) for their support. Special thanks to Joelcio Freitas for the vector illustration and the reviewers and editor for their suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA), Av. José Ruschi, 4, Santa Teresa, ES, Brazil

    Talitha Mayumi Francisco & Dayvid Rodrigues Couto

  2. Departamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Marina Muniz Moreira

  3. Herbário do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão (MBML), Santa Teresa, ES, Brazil

    André Paviotti Fontana

  4. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Claudio Nicoletti de Fraga

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TMF contributed to conceptualization, data acquisition, data curation, methodology, investigation, writing—original draft, writing-review, and editing. DRC contributed to conceptualization, data curation, methodology, investigation, writing-review. CNF and MMM contributed to the methodology, investigation, and writing-review. APF data availability.

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10531_2023_2618_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx

Table S1. List of vascular epiphytes on inselbergs in the Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Data indicates whether we obtain species data from online databases (DB - JABOT-JBRJ, www.jbrj.gov.br/jabot e Reflora http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/ reflora / herbarioVirtual /), through collections of authors (C) or published articles (R). The voucher or reference indicates the vouchers with the respective herbarium abbreviation or the article reference (see references at the end of the table). In addition to the number of specimens per species, single records, and old records were obtained from online databases. Life form, substrate type, origin and endemism to Brazil, phytogeographic domain, endemic to the Atlantic Forest, vegetation types, occur on inselberg followed the Flora e Funga do Brasil 2022 (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br). The threatened category for Brazil followed the National Flora Conservation Center (http://www.cncflora.jbrj.gov.br/portal); for the threat category for the state of Espírito Santo (Fraga et al., 2019): DD = Deficient Data, NT = Near Threatened, VU = Vulnerable, CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, LC = Least Concern, NE = not evaluated. No information = indicates that data is missing for that species. Supplementary file1 (XLSX 46 kb)

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Francisco, T.M., Couto, D.R., Moreira, M.M. et al. Inselbergs from Brazilian Atlantic Forest: high biodiversity refuges of vascular epiphytes from Espírito Santo. Biodivers Conserv 32, 2561–2584 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02618-7

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