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The global amphibian trade flows through Europe: the need for enforcing and improving legislation

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Abstract

The global amphibian trade is suspected to have brought several species to the brink of extinction, and has led to the spread of amphibian pathogens. Moreover, international trade is not regulated for ~98 % of species. Here we outline patterns and complexity underlying global amphibian trade, highlighting some loopholes that need to be addressed, focusing on the European Union. In spite of being one of the leading amphibian importers, the EU’s current legislation is insufficient to prevent overharvesting of those species in demand or the introduction and/or spread of amphibian pathogens into captive and wild populations. We suggest steps to improve the policy (implementation and enforcement) framework, including (i) an identifier specifically for amphibians in the World Customs Organisation’s harmonised system, (ii) Parties to CITES should strive to include more species in the CITES appendices, and (iii) restriction or suspension of trade of threatened species, restricted-range species, and species protected in their country of origin. Commercial trade should not put survival of amphibian species further at risk.

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Fig. 1

Source UNEP-WCMC trade database (2014)

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Amanda Linda Jean Duffus (Gordon State College, Georgia, USA), Kelly Malsh (UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK), and Bruce J. Weissgold, (US Fish and Wildlife Service), for providing data and literature.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Conservation Biology, UFZ—Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany

    Mark Auliya, Dirk S. Schmeller & Klaus Henle

  2. ESiLi, Het Haam 16, 6846 KW, Arnhem, The Netherlands

    Jaime García-Moreno

  3. KARCH, Passage Maximilien-de-Meuron 6, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    Benedikt R. Schmidt

  4. Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland

    Benedikt R. Schmidt

  5. Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi/CZO, Caixa Postal 399, Belém, Pará, 66017-970, Brazil

    Marinus S. Hoogmoed

  6. Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK W21PG, UK

    Matthew C. Fisher

  7. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium

    Frank Pasmans & An Martel

  8. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore

    David Bickford

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Correspondence to Mark Auliya or Jaime García-Moreno.

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Communicated by David Hawksworth.

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Auliya, M., García-Moreno, J., Schmidt, B.R. et al. The global amphibian trade flows through Europe: the need for enforcing and improving legislation. Biodivers Conserv 25, 2581–2595 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1193-8

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