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Plant communities as a tool for setting priorities in biodiversity conservation: a novel approach to Iberian aquatic vegetation

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Abstract

Although conservation efforts are traditionally based on species red lists or similar documents, recent initiatives are starting to shift this scope to include other biodiversity structures and biological classifications. Plant communities have been indicated as being among the most promising categories for setting conservation priorities but their importance and potential is still underestimated. In this study we develop a conservation priority list based on aquatic plant communities of the Iberian Peninsula. Four criteria were used to perform a cumulative point-scoring ranking: regional responsibility, local rarity, wealth of its endangered flora, and habitat vulnerability. Our ranking constitutes the first comprehensive classification of aquatic vegetation in relation to its conservation priorities in Southern Europe. It reveals that amphibious communities are the most important vegetation target for conservation in Iberia related to oligotrophic environments with a bioclimatic Atlantic distribution. Plant communities characteristic of eutrophic waters or widely distributed were found to be cause for less concern when setting conservation priorities. Our results bring to light various discrepancies and gaps in current conservation laws affecting the Iberian Peninsula. Our study highlights the potential of plant communities in biodiversity conservation as they provide valuable information of habitat singularity, and supports that neither the sole use of species nor large scale approaches unaware of regional singularities are appropriate in setting conservation priorities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Alberto Benavent-González, Ana Lumbreras & José A. Molina

Authors
  1. Alberto Benavent-González
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  2. Ana Lumbreras
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  3. José A. Molina
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to José A. Molina.

Additional information

Communicated by Daniel Sanchez Mata.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Iberian aquatic plant communities obtained from the checklist provided by (Rivas-Martínez et al. 2001) which were used to develop the proposed point scoring method of this article.

  • 1. Lemnetea Tüxen ex O. Bolòs & Masclans 1955

  • 1.1. Lemnion minoris Tüxen ex O. Bolòs & Masclans 1955

  • 1.1.1. Lemno-Spirodeletum polyrhizae Koch 1954

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  • 1.1.3. Lemnetum minoris Oberdorfer ex Müller & Görs 1960

  • 1.2. Lemnion trisulcae Den Hartog & Segal ex Tüxen & Schwabe in Tüxen 1974

  • 1.2.1. Lemnetum trisulcae (Kelhofer 1915) Knapp & Stoffers 1962

  • 1.3. Lemno minoris - Hydrocharition morsus - ranae Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999

  • 1.3.1. Lemno minoris-Hydrocharitetum morsus-ranae Passarge 1978

  • 2. Potametea Klika in Klika & Novák 1941

  • 2.1 Potamion (Koch 1926) Libbert 1931

  • 2.1.1. Potametum colorati Allorge 1922

  • 2.1.2. Potametum lucentis Hueck 1931

  • 2.1.3. Potametum perfoliato-crispi Bellot 1951

  • 2.1.4. Hyperico elodis-Potametum oblongi (Allorge 1926) Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1952

  • 2.1.5. Potametum pectinati Cartensen 1955

  • 2.1.6. Potametum denso-nodosi O. Bolòs 1957

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  • 2.1.8. Myriophyllo verticillati-Potametum pectinati Costa, Boira, Peris & Stübing 1986

  • 2.1.9. Zannichellio palustris-Potametum pusilli Cirujano, Pascual & Velayos 1986

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  • 2.1.13 Hippuridetum vulgaris Passarge 1995

  • 2.1.14. Myriophyllo alterniflori-Potametum natantis Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González, Sánchez-Mata, Pizarro & Sardinero in Rivas-Martínez et al. 2002

  • 2.2. Nymphaeion albae Oberdorfer 1957

  • 2.2.1. Nymphaeetum albo-luteae Nowinski 1928

  • 2.2.2. Limnanthemetum nymphoidis Bellot 1951

  • 2.3. Ranunculion fluitantis Neuhäusl 1959

  • 2.3.1. Ranunculetum fluitantis Allorge 1922

  • 2.3.2. Callitricho brutiae-Ranunculetum pseudofluitantis Pizarro & Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez et al. 2002

  • 2.3.3. Callitricho lusitanicae-Ranunculetum penicillati Pizarro in Rivas-Martínez et al. 2002

  • 2.4. Utricularion Den Hartog & Segal 1964

  • 2.4.1. Lemno minoris-Utricularietum vulgaris (Soó 1928) Passarge 1964

  • 2.4.2. Potamo-Utricularietum australis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952 corr. Rivas-Martínez et al. 2002

  • 2.4.3. Utricularietum exoleto-australis Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980

  • 2.5. Ranunculion aquatilis Passarge 1964

  • 2.5.1. Fontinali-Ranunculetum lusitanici Br.-Bl., P. Silva, Rozeira & Fontes 1952

  • 2.5.2. Ranunculetum baudotii Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952

  • 2.5.3. Ranunculetum aquatilis (Sauer 1947) Géhu 1961

  • 2.5.4. Callitricho platycarpae-Elatinetum alsinastri Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980

  • 2.5.5. Callitrichetum regis-jubae Galán in A.V. Pérez, Galán, P. Navas, D. Navas, Y. Gil & Cabezudo 1999

  • 2.5.6. Callitricho stagnalis-Ranunculetum saniculifolii Galán in A.V. Pérez, Galán, P. Navas, D. Navas, Y. Gil & Cabezudo 1999

  • 2.5.7. Ranunculetum tripartiti Galán in A.V. Pérez, Galán, P. Navas, D. Navas, Y. Gil & Cabezudo 1999

  • 2.5.8. Callitricho brutiae-Ranunculetum peltati Pizarro & Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez et al. 2002

  • 2.6. Zannichellion pedicellatae Schaminée, Lanjouw & Schipper 1990 em. Pott 1992

  • 2.6.1. Zannichellietum pedicellatae (pedunculatae) Nordhagen 1954

  • 2.6.2. Najadetum marinae Fukarek 1961

  • 2.6.3. Zannichellietum obtusifoliae Brullo & Spampinato 1990

  • 2.6.4. Zannichellietum contortae Melendo, Cano & Valle 2003

  • 2.7. Ceratophyllion demersi Den Hartog & Segal ex Passarge 1996

  • 2.7.1. Potamo-Ceratophylletum submersi Pop 1962

  • 2.7.2. Potamo-Ceratophylletum demersi Hild & Rehnelt 1965

  • 3. Ruppietea J. Tüxen 1960

  • 3.1. Ruppion maritimae Br.-Bl. ex Westhoff in Bennema, Sissingh & Westhoff 1943

  • 3.1.1. Ruppietum spiralis Hocquette 1927 corr. Iversen 1934

  • 3.1.2. Enteromorpho intestinalidis-Ruppietum maritimae Westhoff ex Tüxen & Böckelmann 1957

  • 3.1.3. Ruppietum drepanensis Brullo & Furnari 1976

  • 4. Isoeto-Littorelletea Br.-Bl. & Vlieger in Vlieger 1937

  • 4.1. Littorellion uniflorae Koch 1926

  • 4.1.1. Isoeto lacustris-Sparganietum borderei Br.-Bl. 1948

  • 4.1.2. Sparganio angustifolii-Callitrichetum fontqueri Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1958

  • 4.1.3. Sparganio angustifolii-Isoetetum echinospori Rivas-Martínez & G. Navarro in G. Navarro 1987

  • 4.2. Hyperico elodis - Sparganion Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Oberdorfer 1957

  • 4.2.1. Scirpo fluitantis-Juncetum heterophylli Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980

  • 4.2.2. Apio inundati-Isoetetum longissimi J. Rodríguez, Romero & Ortiz 1997

  • 4.2.3. Junco heterophylli-Pilularietum globuliferae J. Rodríguez, Romero & Ortiz 1997

  • 5. Isoeto-Nanojuncetea Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946

  • 5.1. Isoetion Br.-Bl. 1936

  • 5.1.1 Isoetetum durieui Br.-Bl. 1936

  • 5.1.2. Junco capitati-Isoetetum histricis Br.-Bl. 1936

  • 5.1.3. Junco pygmaei-Isoetetum velati Rivas Goday 1956

  • 5.1.4. Peplido hispidulae-Isoetetum delilei Br.-Bl. 1936 corr. Barkman, Moravec & Rauschert 1986

  • 6. Montio-Cardaminetea Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Br.-Bl. 1948

  • 6.1 Ranunculion omiophyllo - hederacei Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González, Pizarro, Sánchez-Mata & Sardinero in Rivas-Martínez et al. 2002

  • 6.1.1. Ranunculetum hederacei (Tx.& Diemont 1936) Libbert 1940

  • 6.1.2. Ranunculetum omiophylli Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Pizarro 1995

  • 7. Utricularietea intermedio-minoris Pietsch 1965

  • 7.1 Sphagno - Utricularion Müller & Görs 1960

  • 7.1.1. Sphagno-Utricularietum minoris Fijalkowski 1960

Appendix 2

See Table 3.

Table 3 Iberian aquatic plant species included into the Spanish Red List of Vascular Flora (Moreno 2011) and their threaten status
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Benavent-González, A., Lumbreras, A. & Molina, J.A. Plant communities as a tool for setting priorities in biodiversity conservation: a novel approach to Iberian aquatic vegetation. Biodivers Conserv 23, 2135–2154 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0709-3

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