Abstract
Understanding how, and from where, invasive species were introduced is critical for revealing the invasive mechanism, explaining the invasion success, and providing crucial insights for effective management. Here, we combined a phylogeographic approach with ecological niche modeling comparisons to elucidate the introduction mode and source of Nicotiana glauca, a native South American species that is now invasive worldwide. We tested three different scenarios based on the invasion source—random native, restricted native, and bridgehead invasive—considering genetic diversity and climatic niche comparisons among native and invaded areas. We found three genetic lineages geographically and climatically differentiated within the native range. Only one of these genetic groups contained the invasive haplotypes, but showed no climatic niche overlap with any invaded area. Conversely, one invaded area located in western South America, with more genetic diversity than other invaded areas but less than the native range, showed climatic niche overlap with almost all other invaded areas worldwide. These findings indicate that N. glauca first likely invaded the southernmost areas beyond its native range, forming a bridgehead invasive source, from which the species subsequently invaded other regions around the world. Invasiveness would have been fostered by changes in the environmental preferences of the species in the bridgehead area, towards drier, colder and less seasonal climates, becoming the actual source of invasion to areas climatically similar throughout the world. The fine scale resolution analyses combining genetic and climatic approaches within the native range were essential to illuminating the introduction scenario of this invasive species.
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Acknowledgements
We thank J. Arroyo, A. Traveset, L. Cocucci, and C.C. Maubecin, for providing us samples from Morocco, Spain and North America; also, we thank A. A. Cocucci, A. Bonino, A. Guiaquinta, and A. Coetzee for field assistance, and L. Caeiro for lab assistance. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions. A.N.S., M.C.B. and V.P. are researchers, and E.A.I., A.M.F., and N.R. are scholarship holders in the National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET).
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Grants from the National Research Council of Argentina [PIP 11220150100690CO] to A.N.S., the National Ministry of Science and Technology [FONCYT—PICT 2015–3089 and PICT 2018–0890] to A.N.S., [FONCYT—PICT 2019–3633] to V.P., and the National Science Foundation [NSF—DEB-1354791] to L.A.J.
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Conceptualization: [EAI, MCB, ANS, VP]; Methodology: [EAI, MCB, NR, AMF, LAJ, ANS]; Formal analysis and investigation: [EAI, B, ANS]; Writing—original draft preparation: [EAI, MCB, ANS, VP]; Writing—review and editing: [EAI, MCB, NR, AMF, LAJ, ANS, VP] Funding acquisition: [ANS, LAJ, VP]; Resources: [ANS]; Supervision: [EAI, MCB, ANS, VP].
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Issaly, E.A., Baranzelli, M.C., Rocamundi, N. et al. Too much water under the bridge: unraveling the worldwide invasion of the tree tobacco through genetic and ecological approaches. Biol Invasions 26, 515–533 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-023-03189-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-023-03189-y