Abstract
Invasive plant management can support the restoration of native plant communities. Glyphosate-based herbicides are commonly used for management because glyphosate does not persist at toxic concentrations in water and soil; however, glyphosate can accumulate in the tissues of treated plants. This study investigated whether glyphosate-treated plants can release glyphosate in their leachate, and if so, whether leachate from glyphosate-treated versus untreated plants affects the germination and seedling growth of native plants. We sprayed industry-standard concentrations of glyphosate (Roundup WeatherMAX®) on two macrophyte taxa that are invasive in North America: Phragmites australis and Typha × glauca. Nine weeks after spraying, we submerged sprayed and unsprayed plant tissues in water to create leachate. We quantified glyphosate and the degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in leachate over 21 days, and assessed the effects of leachate from sprayed and unsprayed plants on the germination and growth of two co-occurring native macrophytes, Typha latifolia and Ammannia robusta. Leachate from both treated invasive plant taxa contained glyphosate and AMPA, with P. australis leaching more glyphosate on average than T. × glauca. Typha latifolia germination and growth was stimulated by leachate with and without glyphosate. Ammannia robusta exhibited mixed responses, with some indication that leachate and glyphosate residues exert temporary inhibitory effects. Our study demonstrated that glyphosate-sprayed plants can release glyphosate into the environment, but negative impacts from this leachate on the germination and growth of at least some native macrophytes are short-term (< 10 days). Nevertheless, early-stage growth can be important to successful establishment, and we therefore recommend that invasive plant managers consider species-specific effects of both glyphosate and leachate when planning restoration activities.
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Acknowledgements
Claudia Sheedy made suggestions that greatly improved the content of this manuscript. We also thank Kathryn Tisshaw and Vikram Bhargav for the provision of Typha latifolia and Typha × glauca seeds. Marcel Dorken provided access to the experimental garden, and materials and advice for growing the plants. Moreover, we thank Kayla Salive for recommendations on ideal germination conditions for Ammannia robusta. We also thank Laura Williams and Cole Levy for providing Phragmites field material. James Paterson kindly provided statistical advice, and Emily Yeung and Varun Biddanda assisted with measuring Typha latifolia seedlings. James Paterson and Ryan Holt helped with the Phragmites shoot collection. We thank Rebecca Rooney for insightful comments on the interpretation of data from herbicide application trials using commercial formulations for which the manufacturer will not disclose details. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful feedback on an earlier version of this manuscript.
Funding
Financial support came from the Ontario Trillium Scholarship to VS, NSERC Discovery Grants to JRF (RGPIN‐2017‐04371) and CMD (RGPIN‐2018‐04894), and the Government of Ontario, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Species at Risk Research Fund to JRF (19_18_Trent2). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The views expressed in the publication are the views of the Government of Ontario grant recipients and do not necessarily reflect those of the Province.
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VS, JRF, and CMD: conceived the study. VS, JRF, CMD, JMG, and KJS: contributed to the study design. JRF, JMG, and KJS: supplied materials. VS: prepared material and conducted the study. VS: collected, analyzed, and interpreted the data. JRF and CMD: contributed to data interpretation. VS: wrote the first draft of the manuscript. JRF, CMD, JMG, and KJS: commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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The datasets generated during and analysed during the current study are available in the figshare repository, 10.6084/m9.figshare.14439722.
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The code is available in the figshare repository, 10.6084/m9.figshare.14439722.
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Sesin, V., Freeland, J.R., Gilbert, J.M. et al. Legacies of invasive plant management: effects of leaching from glyphosate-treated and untreated plants on germination and early growth of native macrophytes. Biol Invasions 24, 2561–2580 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02794-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02794-7