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Role of non-indigenous species in structuring benthic communities after fragmentation events: an experimental approach

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Abstract

Habitat loss and fragmentation, and biological invasions are widely considered the most significant threats to global biodiversity. While marine invasions have already shown dramatic impacts around the world’s coasts, many of these habitats are becoming increasingly urbanized, resulting in fragmentation of natural landscape worldwide. This study developed in Madeira (NE Atlantic) aims to understand the synergistic interactions between fragmentation and biological invasions using submerged experimental settlement panels in the field for 3 months. We fragmented crustose coralline habitats, decreasing patch size without an overall habitat loss, and determined its effects on the patterns of abundance of marine fouling organisms across limiting assemblages with or without the presence of non-indigenous species (NIS, considered invaded and non-invaded systems in this study). The presence of crustose coralline algae suppressed the recruitment of some NIS (Parasmitina alba and Botrylloides niger). Our results also showed that the abundance of NIS (e.g. B. niger) could be prompted in highly fragmented habitats, colonizing bare substrates very efficiently. Overall, evidence indicates that fragmentation events modulate biotic interactions and consequently determine the structure of the fouling communities. Future research should address both processes when analyzing biotic resistance to invasion in urban marine habitats.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Janina Beltz and João Ladeira for their help during the preparation of the experimental units, and the two anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions, which greatly improved the quality of this work. This work was partially funded by projects MIMAR (MAC/4.6.d/066) and MIMAR+ (MAC2/4.6d/249), in the framework of INTERREG MAC 2014-2020 Programme. EC and IGG were financially supported by post-doctoral grants in the framework of the 2015 ARDITI Grant Programme Madeira 14-20 (Project M1420-09-5369-FSE-000002). I.G. is supported financially by a Maria Zambrano contract UCA under the grants call for the requalification of the Spanish university system 2021-2023, funded by the European Union—NextGenerationEU. PR was partially funded by the Project Observatório Oceânico da Madeira-OOM (M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000001), co-financed by the Madeira Regional Operational Programme (Madeira 14-20), under the Portugal 2020 strategy, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and currently funded by project MARE-Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente (UIDB/04292/2020). JCC is funded by national funds through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the Scientific Employment Stimulus—Institutional Call—[CEECINST/00098/2018]. Finally, this study also had the support of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic project [UIDB/04292/2020] granted to MARE. This is contribution 97 from the Smithsonian’s MarineGEO and Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network.

Funding

This work was partially funded by projects MIMAR (MAC/4.6.d/066) and MIMAR + (MAC2/4.6d/249), in the framework of INTERREG MAC 2014–2020 Programme. EC and IGG were financially supported by post-doctoral grants in the framework of the 2015 ARDITI Grant Programme Madeira 14–20 (Project M1420-09–5369-FSE-000002). IGG is supported financially by a Maria Zambrano contract UCA under the grants call for the requalification of the Spanish university system 2021–2023, funded by the European Union—NextGenerationEU. PR was partially funded by the Project Observatório Oceânico da Madeira-OOM (M1420-01–0145-FEDER-000001), co-financed by the Madeira Regional Operational Programme (Madeira 14–20), under the Portugal 2020 strategy, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and currently funded by project MARE-Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente (UIDB/04292/2020). JCC is funded by national funds through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the Scientific Employment Stimulus—Institutional Call—[CEECINST/00098/2018]. Finally, this study also had the support of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic project [UIDB/04292/2020] granted to MARE. This is contribution 97 from the Smithsonian’s MarineGEO and Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Edifício Madeira Tecnopolo, Piso 0, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal

    Eva Cacabelos, Ignacio Gestoso, Patrício Ramalhosa & João Canning-Clode

  2. Departamento Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Facultade de Ciencias Experimentais, Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain

    Eva Cacabelos

  3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain

    Ignacio Gestoso

  4. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA

    Ignacio Gestoso & João Canning-Clode

  5. OOM – Oceanic Observatory of Madeira, Agência Regional Para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Edifício Madeira Tecnopolo, Piso 0, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal

    Patrício Ramalhosa

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  1. Eva Cacabelos
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  2. Ignacio Gestoso
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  4. João Canning-Clode
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EC: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing. IG: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—review and editing. PR: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—review and editing. JC-C: Funding acquisition, Writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Eva Cacabelos.

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Appendix

Appendix

See Fig. 5.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Photogras showing real synthetic assemblages (see Photographs in Fig. 1.)

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See Tables 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

Table 4 P-values of the univariate analysis of variance of macrofouling assemblages across Fragmentation (Fr), Invasion (In) and Substrate (Su) levels after 3 months of panel deployment (Results in Table 1)
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Table 5 P-values of the univariate analysis of variance of relevant macrofouling taxa across Fragmentation (Fr), Invasion (In) and Substrate (Su) levels after 3 months of panel deployment (Results in Table 3)
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Table 6 SIMPER analysis on transformed data (sq root) showing the contribution of taxa to the average Bray–Curtis similarity between Substrate levels (B, bare rock and CCA, calcareous crust)
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Table 7 SIMPER analysis on transformed data (sq root) shows taxa's contribution to the average Bray–Curtis similarity between Fragmentation and Invasion levels
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Table 8 SIMPER analysis on transformed data (sq root) shows taxa's contribution to the average Bray–Curtis similarity between Fragmentation and Invasion levels
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Cacabelos, E., Gestoso, I., Ramalhosa, P. et al. Role of non-indigenous species in structuring benthic communities after fragmentation events: an experimental approach. Biol Invasions 24, 2181–2199 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02768-9

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