Abstract
Ornamental horticulture is the most important pathway for alien plant introductions worldwide, and consequently, invasive spread of introduced plants often begins in urban areas. Although most introduced ornamental garden-plant species are locally not naturalized yet, many of them have shown invasion potential elsewhere in the world, and might naturalize when climate changes. We inventoried the planted flora of 50 public and 61 private gardens in Radolfzell, a small city in southern Germany, to investigate whether local naturalization success of garden plants is associated with their current planting frequency, climatic suitability (as assessed with climatic niche modelling) and known naturalization status somewhere in the world. We identified 954 introduced garden-plant species, of which 48 are already naturalized in Radolfzell and 120 in other parts of Germany. All currently naturalized garden plants in Radolfzell have a climatic suitability probability of ≥ 0.75 and are naturalized in ≥ 13 out of 843 regions globally. These values are significantly higher than those of garden plants that have not become locally naturalized yet. Current planting frequencies, however, were not related to current naturalization success. Using the identified local naturalization thresholds of climatic suitability and global naturalization frequency, and climate projections for the years 2050 and 2070, we identified 45 garden-plant species that are currently not naturalized in Radolfzell but are likely to become so in the future. Although our approach cannot replace a full risk assessment, it is well-suited and applicable as one element of a screening or horizon scanning-type approach.
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Acknowledgements
We thank our collaborators at the Deutsche Umwelthilfe (DUH), Tobias Herbst and Robert Spreter, and Mario Jost and all other gardeners who assisted in species identification. We thank Ewald Weber for providing his unpublished list of invasive plant species of the world. This research was funded by the Klimopass Programm of the Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz, Baden-Württemberg (Project No. 4500347101/23 to the DUH and MvK), the German Research Foundation (DFG, Project No. KL1866-9/1), and the ERA-Net BiodivERsA, with the national funders ANR (French National Research Agency), DFG, and FWF (Austrian Science Fund), part of the 2012–2013 BiodivERsA call for research proposals. PP and JP were supported by Project No. 14-36079G Centre of Excellence PLADIAS (Czech Science Foundation), DG16P02M041 (NAKI II of the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic) and long-term research development project RVO 67985939 (The Czech Academy of Sciences). An early version of the paper was presented at a workshop on ‘Non-native species in urban environments’ hosted and funded by the DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB) in Stellenbosch, South Africa, in November 2016. We appreciate the constructive advice provided by delegates at the workshop and two anonymous reviewers.
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Guest Editors: Mirijam Gaertner, John R.U. Wilson, Marc W. Cadotte, J. Scott MacIvor, Rafael D. Zenni and David M. Richardson/Urban Invasions.
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Mayer, K., Haeuser, E., Dawson, W. et al. Naturalization of ornamental plant species in public green spaces and private gardens. Biol Invasions 19, 3613–3627 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1594-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1594-y