Abstract
In Brazil, high levels of agricultural activity are reflected in the consumption of enormous amounts of pesticides. The production of grain in Brazil has been estimated at 289.8 million tons in the 2022 harvest, an expansion of 14.7% compared with 2021. These advances are likely associated with a progressive increase in the occupational exposure of a population to pesticides. The Paraoxonase 1 gene (PON1) is involved in liver detoxification; the rs662 variant of this gene modifies the activity of the enzyme. The repair of pesticide-induced genetic damage depends on the protein produced by the X-Ray Repair Cross-Complementing Group 1 gene (XRCC). Its function is impaired due to an rs25487 variant. The present study describes the frequencies of the rs662 and rs25487 and their haplotypes in a sample population from Goiás, Brazil. It compares the frequencies with other populations worldwide to verify the variation in the distribution of these SNPs, with 494 unrelated individuals in the state of Goiás. The A allele of the rs25487 variant had a frequency of 26% in the Goiás population, and the modified rs662 G allele had a frequency of 42.8%. Four haplotypes were recorded for the rs25487 (G > A) and rs662 (A > G) markers, with a frequency of 11.9% being recorded for the A–G haplotype (both modified alleles), 30.8% for the G–G haplotype, 14.3% for the A–A haplotype, and 42.8% for the G–A haplotype (both wild-type alleles). We demonstrated the distribution of important SNPs associated with pesticide exposure in an area with a high agricultural activity level, Central Brazil.
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Data Availability
The data supporting this study’s findings are available on request from the corresponding author (D.M.S.).
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Acknowledgements
D.M.S. (proc. no. 307652/2018-1) would like to thank CNPq for the research productivity scholarship. A doctoral fellowship provided by CAPES supported A.A.A. and H.F.N.
Funding
The Coordination supported this work for Higher Education Personnel Training (CAPES), the Goiás State Research Support Foundation (FAPEG), and PRONEX/FAPEG/CNPq (Nucleus of Excellence support program—protocol number 20181002600) for financial support.
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AAA, DdMeS, FCF, and HFN contributed to the study’s conception and design. AAA, FCF, KL, FAN, and HFN performed material preparation, data collection, and analysis. AAA, HFN, and DdMeS wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Goiás (reference number 2.648.494) approved. All research procedures were performed according to the principles of the regulatory guidelines and standards described in Resolution No. 466/12 of the National Health Council, which approves the regulatory guidelines and standards for research involving human beings in Brazil.
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Alves, A.A., Laurinho, K., Franco, F.C. et al. The Incidence of the XRCC1 rs25487 and PON1 rs662 Polymorphisms in a Population from Central Brazil: Patterns in an Area with a High Level of Agricultural Activity. Biochem Genet 61, 1675–1703 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-023-10337-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-023-10337-5