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Broad-band spectral evolution and temporal variability of IGR J17091-3624 during its 2016 outburst: SWIFT and NuSTAR results

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Abstract

We report on the 2016 outburst of the transient Galactic Black Hole candidate IGR J17091-3624 based on the observation campaign carried out with SWIFT and NuSTAR. The outburst profile, as observed with SWIFT-XRT, shows a typical ‘q’-shape in the Hardness Intensity Diagram (HID). Based on the spectral and temporal evolution of the different parameters, we are able to identify all the spectral states in the q-profile of HID and the Hardness-RMS diagram (HRD). Both XRT and NuSTAR observations show an evolution of low frequency Quasi periodic oscillations (QPOs) during the low hard and hard intermediate states of the outburst rising phase. We also find mHz QPOs along-with distinct coherent class variabilities (heartbeat oscillations) with different timescales, similar to the \(\rho \)-class (observed in GRS 1915+105). Phenomenological modelling of the broad-band XRT and NuSTAR spectra also reveals the evolution of high energy cut-off and presence of reflection from ionized material during the rising phase of the outburst. Further, we conduct the modelling of X-ray spectra of SWIFT and NuSTAR in 0.5–79 keV to understand the accretion flow dynamics based on two component flow model. From this modelling, we constrain the mass of the source to be in the range of \(10.62\mbox{--}12.33~\mbox{M}_{\odot }\) with 90% confidence, which is consistent with earlier findings.

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Notes

  1. http://www.swift.ac.uk/analysis/xrt/xrtpipeline.php.

  2. http://www.swift.ac.uk/analysis/xrt/pileup.php.

  3. http://www.swift.ac.uk/analysis/xrt/backscal.php.

  4. http://www.swift.ac.uk/analysis/xrt/timing.php.

  5. It has to be noted that for observations where the XRT image showed double streaks, we excluded the events corresponding to the streak having shorter good time interval.

  6. https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/nustar/analysis/nustar_swguide.pdf.

  7. https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftools/fhelp/powspec.txt.

  8. https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/xte/recipes/pca_fourier.html.

  9. https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/results/transients/.

  10. Multiple (more than two) streaks seen in the XRT image probably due to slewing of the SWIFT satellite.

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to the reviewer for his valuable comments and suggestions which have helped in improving the manuscript.

This research has made use of the data obtained through High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center on-line service, provided by NASA/GSFC.

Radhika D. is grateful to the support provided by the Vice Chancellor and Dean-SOE of DSU, and A. Nandi thanks GD, SAG; DD, PDMSA and Director, ISAC for encouragement and continuous support to carry out this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore, 560068, India

    Radhika D.

  2. Space Astronomy Group, SSIF/ISITE Campus, ISRO Satellite Center, Outer Ring Road, Marathahalli, Bangalore, 560037, India

    Sreehari H. & A. Nandi

  3. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India

    Sreehari H.

  4. Albanova University Centre, KTH PAP, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden

    N. Iyer

  5. Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

    S. Mandal

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  1. Radhika D.
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Correspondence to Radhika D..

Appendix

Appendix

See Tables 5 and 6.

Table 5 Log of SWIFT-XRT and NuSTAR observations considered for analysis
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Table 6 Broadband fit models using various phenomenological models and corresponding \(\chi ^{2}\) values
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D., R., H., S., Nandi, A. et al. Broad-band spectral evolution and temporal variability of IGR J17091-3624 during its 2016 outburst: SWIFT and NuSTAR results. Astrophys Space Sci 363, 189 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-018-3411-1

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