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Natural and Post-Urbanization Signatures of Hypoxia in Two Basins of Puget Sound: Historical Reconstruction of Redox Sensitive Metals and Organic Matter Inputs

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Abstract

Hypoxia has been observed in Hood Canal, Puget Sound, WA, USA since the 1970s. Four long sediment cores were collected in 2005 and age-dated to resolve natural and post-urbanization signatures of hypoxia and organic matter (OM) sources in two contrasting basins of Puget Sound: Main Basin and Hood Canal. Paleoecological indicators used for sediment reconstructions included pollen, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ13C and δ15N), biomarkers of terrestrial OM (TOM), biogenic silica (BSi), and redox-sensitive metals (RSM). The sedimentary reconstructions illustrated a gradient in RSM enrichment factors as Hood Canal > Main Basin, southern > northern cores, and pre-1900s > 1900–2005. The urbanization of Puget Sound watersheds during the 1900s was reflected as shifts in all the paleoecological signatures. Pollen distributions shifted from predominantly old growth conifer to successional alder, dominant OM signatures recorded a decrease in the proportion of marine OM (MOM) concomitant with an increase in the proportion of TOM, and the weight % of BSi decreased. However, these shifts were not coincidental with an overall increase in the enrichment of RSM or δ15N signatures indicative of cultural eutrophication. The increased percentage of TOM was independently verified by both the elemental ratios and lignin yields. In addition, isotopic signatures, BSi, and RSMs all suggest that OM shifts may be due to a reduction in primary productivity rather than an increase in OM regeneration in the water column or at the sediment/water interface. Therefore, the reconstructions suggested the Hood Canal has been under a more oxygenated “stance” during the twentieth century compared to prior periods. However, these 2005 cores and their resolutions do not encompass the period of high resolution water column measurements that showed short-lived hypoxia events and fish kills in Hood Canal during the early twenty-first century. The decoupling between the increased watershed-scale anthropogenic alterations recorded in the OM signatures and the relatively depleted RSM during the twentieth century suggests that physical processes, such as deep-water ventilation, may be responsible for the historical variation in oxygen levels. Specifically, climate oscillations may influence the ventilation and/or productivity of deep water in Puget Sound and particularly their least mixed regions.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the funding for this research from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Coastal Hypoxia Research Program grant number: NA05NOS4781203 and publication number CHRP 125. In addition, the authors thank the other investigators working on this grant to support the multiple paleoindicator reconstructions including Dr. Sherri Cooper for the diatoms, Dr. Kristin McDougall for the foraminifera, and Dr. Estella Leopold and Dr. Gengwu Liu for the pollen. Finally, the authors extend their appreciation to the two anonymous reviewers that greatly contributed to the final manuscript by providing valuable comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Battelle Marine Science Laboratory, 1529 West Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA, 98382, USA

    Jill M. Brandenberger & Eric A. Crecelius

  2. Departments of Oceanography and Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Patrick Louchouarn

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  1. Jill M. Brandenberger
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  2. Patrick Louchouarn
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  3. Eric A. Crecelius
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Correspondence to Jill M. Brandenberger.

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Brandenberger, J.M., Louchouarn, P. & Crecelius, E.A. Natural and Post-Urbanization Signatures of Hypoxia in Two Basins of Puget Sound: Historical Reconstruction of Redox Sensitive Metals and Organic Matter Inputs. Aquat Geochem 17, 645–670 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-011-9129-0

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