Abstract
Fibrosis is induced by the excessive and abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) with various growth factors in tissues. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), plays a role in inducing apoptosis, modulates fibrosis, and ECM accumulation. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) plays an important role in the development hepatic fibrosis. The overexpression of PAI-1 induces ECM accumulation, the main hallmark of chronic liver diseases. Death of hepatocytes is a characteristic feature of chronic liver disease due to various causes. The TGF-β1-mediated apoptotic pathway is regarded as a promising therapeutic target in hepatic fibrosis. Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is of special interest as it possesses anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. However, the precise mechanism for GLA in chronic liver disease is not still clear. The aim of the present study was to determine whether GLA prevents hepatic PAI-1 expression and apoptosis through the inhibition of TGF-β1-mediated molecular mediators. GLA attenuated TGF-β1-stimulated PAI-1 expression, and inhibited PAI-1 promoter activity in AML12 cells. This effect was mediated by Smad3/4, the p38 pathways. We also found that GLA suppressed TGF-β1-induced apoptotic activation of the Bcl-2 family and caspase family of proteins, which resulted in the inhibition of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 cleavage. GLA ameliorates the pro-fibrotic and pro-apoptotic effects of TGF-β1 in hepatocytes, suggesting GLA exerts a protective effect on hepatocytes and has a therapeutic potential for the treatment of chronic liver disease.
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Abbreviations
- TGF:
-
Transforming growth factor
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- PAI:
-
Plasminogen activator inhibitor
- PARP:
-
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase
- Apaf:
-
Apoptosis induced factor
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- TβR:
-
Transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors
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Acknowledgments
This work was funded by a Grant from Korea Food Research Institute (Project No. E0143023839).
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The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
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Park, JH., Lee, MK. & Yoon, J. Gamma-linolenic acid inhibits hepatic PAI-1 expression by inhibiting p38 MAPK-dependent activator protein and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. Apoptosis 20, 336–347 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-014-1077-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-014-1077-x