Abstract
Borrelia valaisiana-related spirochetes were detected for the first time in Ixodes granulatus ticks collected in Taiwan. The genetic identities of these detected spirochetes were determined by analyzing the gene sequences amplified by a genospecies-specific polymerase chain reaction assay based on the outer surface protein A (OspA) gene of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed by comparing the sequences of OspA gene obtained from 35 strains of Borrelia spirochetes representing six genospecies of Borrelia. Eight major clades can be easily distinguished by neighbour-joining analysis and were congruent by maximum-parsimony method. Except one strain (KH-74), all these Borrelia spirochetes of Taiwan were genetically affiliated to the same clade with highly homogeneous sequences (97.8–100% similarity), and can be discriminated from other groups of B. valaisiana and other genospecies of Borrelia spirochetes with a sequence divergence ranging from 3 to 19.6%. Moreover, intraspecific analysis also revealed that three distinct groups are evident between the same species of B. valaisiana spirochetes detected in Taiwan. Our results provide the first evidence of B. valaisiana spirochetes detected in I. granulatus ticks collected in Taiwan and demonstrate that all these B. valaisiana spirochetes of Taiwan represent three major groups distinct from the European group of B. valaisiana spirochetes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Wang GQ, Schwartz I et al (2005) Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:484–509
Ai CX, Wen YX, Zhang YG et al (1988) Clinical manifestations and epidemiological characteristics of Lyme disease in Hailin county, Heilongjiang Province, China. Annals NY Acad Sci 539:302–313
Bergstrom S, Bundoc VG, Barbour AG (1989) Molecular analysis of linear plasmid-encoded major surface proteins, OspA and OspB of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Mol Microbiol 3:479–486
Burgdorfer W, Barbour AGS, Hayes FW et al (1982) Lyme disease: a tick-borne spirochetosis? Science 216:1317–1319
Caporale DA, Kocher TD (1994) Sequence variation in the outer-surface-protein genes of Borrelia burgdorferi. Mol Biol Evol 11:51–64
Chao LL, Wu WJ, Shih CM (2009) Molecular analysis of Ixodes granulatus, a possible vector tick for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Taiwan. Exp Appl Acarol 48:329–344
Chu CY, Liu W, Jiang BG et al (2008) Novel genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from rodents and ticks in southwestern China. J Clin Microbiol 46:3130–3133
Clinco M, Padovan D, Murgia R et al (1998) Rate of infection of Ixodes ricinus ticks with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii and group VS116 in an endemic focus of Lyme disease in Italy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 17:90–94
Demaerschalck I, Messaoud AB, Kesel MD et al (1995) Simutaneous presence of different Borrelia burgdorferi genospecies in biological fluids of Lyme disease patients. J Clin Microbiol 33:602–608
Diza E, Papa A, Vezyri E, Tsounis S, Milonas I, Antoniadis A (2004) Borrelia valaisiana in cerebrospinal fluid. Emerg Infect Dis 10:1692–1693
Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 52:1119–1134
Jonsson M, Noppa L, Barbour AG, Bergstrom S (1992) Heterogeneity of outer surface proteins in Borrelia burgdorferi: comparison of osp operons of three isolates of different geographic origins. Infect Immun 60:1845–1853
Kawabata M, Baba S, Iguchi K et al (1987) Lyme disease in Japan and its possible incriminated tick vector, Ixodes persulcatus. J Infect Dis 156:854
Kimura M (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16:111–120
Kirstein F, Rijpkema SG, Molkenboer M, Gray JS (1997) The distribution and prevalence of B. burgdorferi genomospecies in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Ireland. Eur J Epidemiol 13:67–72
Kurtenbach K, Peacey M, Rijpkema SG, Hoodless AN, Nuttall PA, Randolph SE (1998) Differential transmission of the genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by game birds and small rodents in England. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:1169–1174
Kurtenbach K, Michelis SDe, Etti S et al (2002) Host associations of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-the key role of host complement. Trends Microbiol 10:74–79
Liebisch G, Sohns B, Bautsch W (1998) Detection and typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks attached to human skin by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 36:3355–3358
Masuzawa T, Fukui T, Miyake M et al (1999) Determination of members of a Borrelia afzelii-related group isolated from Ixodes nipponensis in Korea as Borrelia valaisiana. Int J Syst Bacterial 49:1409–1415
Masuzawa T, Takada N, Kudeken M et al (2001) Borrelia sinica sp. nov., a Lyme disease-related Borrelia species isolated in China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:1817–1824
Masuzawa T, Hashimoto N, Kudeken M et al (2004) New genomospecies related to Borrelia valaisiana, isolated from mammals in Okinawa archipelago, Japan. J Med Microbiol 53:421–426
Matuschka FR, Richter D, Fischer P et al (1990) Subadult Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) on rodents in Berlin, West Germany. J Med Entomol 27:385–390
Maupin GO, Gage KL, Piesman J et al (1994) Discovery of an enzootic cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi in Neotoma mexicana and Ixodes spinipalpis from northern Colorado, an area where Lyme disease is nonendemic. J Infect Dis 170:636–643
Nakao M, Miyamoto K, Uchikawa K et al (1992) Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi isolated from Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes ovatus ticks in Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47:505–511
Park KH, Chang WH, Schwan TG (1993) Identification and characterization of Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, isolated in Korea. J Clin Microbiol 31:1831–1837
Peavey CA, Lane RS, Damrow T (2000) Vector competence of Ixodes angustus (Acari: Ixodidae) for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. Exp Appl Acarol 24:77–84
Postic D, Korenberg E, Gorelova N, Kovalevski YV, Bellenger E, Baranton G (1997) Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Russia and neighbouring countries: high incidence of mixed isolates. Res Microbiol 148:691–702
Postic D, Garnier M, Baranton G (2007) Multilocus sequence analysis of atypical Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates: description of Borrelia californiensis sp. nov., and genomospecies 1 and 2. Int J Med Microbiol 297:263–271
Richter D, Postic D, Sertour N et al (2006) Delineation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species by multilocus sequence analysis and confirmation of the delineation of Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:873–881
Rijpkema SG, Golubic D, Molkenboer M, Verbeek-De Kruif N, Schellekens JF (1996) Identification of four genomic groups of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in a Lyme borreliosis endemic region of northern Croatia. Exp Appl Acarol 20:23–30
Saito K, Ito T, Asashima N et al (2007) Case report: Borrelia valaisiana infection in a Japanese man associated with traveling to foreign countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77:1124–1127
Shih CM, Chao LL (1998) Lyme disease in Taiwan: primary isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi-like spirochetes from rodents in Taiwan area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59:687–692
Shih CM, Chao LL (2002) An OspA-based genospecies identification of Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) isolated in Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66:611–615
Shih CM, Chao LL (2004) Current status of Lyme disease in Taiwan with description of its vector ticks and reservoir hosts. In: Lu KH et al (eds) Proceedings, Symposium on rodent damage and control strategy. The Plant Protection Society of the Republic of China, Taichung, pp 79–92 (in Chinese)
Shih CM, Liu LP, Chung WC et al (1997) Human babesiosis in Taiwan: asymptomatic infection with a Babesia microti-like organism in a Taiwanese woman. J Clin Microbiol 35:450–454
Shih CM, Chang HM, Chen SL et al (1998a) Genospecies identification and characterization of Lyme disease spirochetes of genospecies Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated from rodents in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 36:3127–3132
Shih CM, Wang JC, Chao LL et al (1998b) Lyme disease in Taiwan: first human patient with characteristic erythema chronicum migrans skin lesion. J Clin Microbiol 36:807–808
Spielman A (1988) Lyme disease and human babesiosis: evidence incriminating vector and reservoir hosts. In: Englund PT, Sher AR (eds) The biology of parasitism. Liss, New York, pp 147–165
Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S (2007) MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24:1596–1599
Teng KF, Jiang ZJ (1991) Economic insect fauna of China Fasc 39 Acari: Ixodidae. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nuc Acids Res 22:4673–4680
Wan KL, Zhang ZF, Dou GL et al (1998) Investigation on primary vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi in China. Chinese J Epidemiol 19:263–266 (in Chinese)
Wang G, van Dam AP, Le Fleche A et al (1997) Genetic and phenotypic analysis of Borrelia valaisiana sp. nov. (Borrelia genomic groups VS116 and M19). Int J Syst Bacteriol 47:926–932
Wang G, van Dam AP, Schwartz I, Dankert J (1999) Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:633–653
Wang G, van Dam AP, Dankert J (2000) Two distinct ospA genes among Borrelia valaisiana strains. Res Microbiol 151:325–331
Will G, Jauris-Heipke S, Schwab E et al (1995) Sequence analysis of OspA genes shows homogeneity within Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Borrelia afzelii strains but reveals major subgroups within the Borrelia garinii species. Med Microbiol Immunol 184:73–80
Wilske B, Preac-Mursic V, Gobal UB et al (1993) An OspA serotyping system for Borrelia burgdorferi based on reactivity with monoclonal antibodies and OspA sequence analysis. J Clin Microbiol 31:340–350
Wilson N (1970) New distributional records of ticks from Southeast Asia and the Pacific (Metastigmata: Argasidae, Ixodidae). Oriental Insects 4:37–46
Zhang ZF, Wan KL, Zhang JS et al (1997) Studies on epidemiology and etiology of Lyme disease in China. Chinese J Epidemiol 18:8–11 (in Chinese)
Zumstein G, Fuchs R, Hofmann A, Preac-Mursic V, Soutschek E, Wilske B (1992) Genetic polymorphism of the gene encoding the outer surface protein A (OspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi. Med Microbiol Immunol 181:57–70
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by grants from the Department of Defense (DOD98-34) and National Science Council (NSC96-2314-B-016-025-MY3), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chao, LL., Wu, WJ. & Shih, CM. Molecular detection of Borrelia valaisiana-related spirochetes from Ixodes granulatus ticks in Taiwan. Exp Appl Acarol 52, 393–407 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-010-9372-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-010-9372-x