Abstract
Transformational leadership studies identify a dual-level model comprising group-focused and individual-focused transformational leadership. In this study, a relational perspective is used to develop a moderated mediation model linking dual-level transformational leadership to within-team information elaboration. Data collected from 100 teams in 32 Chinese high-technology firms reveal that group-focused transformational leadership increases information elaboration, while differentiated individual-focused transformational leadership decreases information elaboration. Team relationship conflict mediates the effects. Furthermore, middle-way thinking as a culture-specific Chinese thinking style moderates the indirect effects. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. C. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park: Sage.
Allison, P. D. 1978. Measures of inequality. American Sociological Review, 43(6): 865–880.
Bass, B. M. 1985. Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. 1995. MLQ multifactor leadership questionnaire for research: Permission set. Redwood City: Mindgarden.
Bass, B. M., Waldman, D. A., Avolio, B. J., & Bebb, M. 1987. Transformational leadership and the falling dominoes effect. Group and Organization Studies, 12(1): 73–87.
Behfar, K. J., Peterson, R. S., Mannix, E. A., & Trochim, W. M. 2008. The critical role of conflict resolution in teams: A close look at the links between conflict type, conflict management strategies, and team outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1): 170–188.
Blader, S. L., & Tyler, T. R. 2009. Testing and extending the group engagement model: Linkages between social identity, procedural justice, economic outcomes, and extra role behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2): 445–464.
Bliese, P. D. 2000. Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.). Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions: 349–381. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bradbury, H., & Lichtenstein, B. M. B. 2000. Relationality in organizational research: Exploring the “space between”. Organization Science, 11(5): 551–564.
Brett, J. M., Shapiro, D. L., & Lytle, A. L. 1998. Breaking the bonds of reciprocity in negotiations. Academy of Management Journal, 4(4): 410–424.
Brislin, R., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. 1973. Cross-cultural research methods. New York: Wiley.
Chan, D. 1998. Functional relations among constructs in the same content domains at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1): 234–246.
Chan, W. T. 1963. A source book in Chinese philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University.
Chang, S., Jia, L. D., Takeuchi, R., & Cai, Y. 2014. Do high commitment work systems promote employee creativity? A combinational approach to employee creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(4): 665–680.
Chen, G., Liu, C. H., & Tjosvold, D. 2005. Conflict management for effective top management teams and innovation in China. Journal of Management Studies, 42(2): 277–300.
Chen, G., Mathieu, J. E., & Bliese, P. D. 2004. A framework for conducting multilevel construct validation. In F. J. Yammarino & F. Dansereau (Eds.). Research in multilevel issues: Multilevel issues in organizational behavior and processes: 273–303. Oxford: Elsevier.
Chen, G., Sharma, P. N., Edinger, S., Shapiro, D. L., & Farh, J. L. 2011a. Motivating and de-motivating forces in teams: Cross-level influences of empowering leadership and relationship conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3): 541–557.
Chen, G., & Tjosvold, D. 2002. Conflict management and team effectiveness in China: The mediating role of justice. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19(4): 557–572.
Chen, Y. F., Tjosvold, D., Huang, X., & Xu, D. 2011b. New manager socialization and conflict management in China: Effects of relationship and open conflict values. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(2): 332–356.
Chen, T., Leung, K., Li, F., & Ou, Z. 2015. Interpersonal harmony and creativity in China. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(5): 648–672.
Colquitt, J. A., Noe, R. A., & Jackson, C. L. 2002. Justice in teams: Antecedents and consequences of procedural justice climate. Personnel Psychology, 55(1): 83–109.
Colquitt, J. A., & Zapata-Phelan, C. P. 2007. Trends in theory building and theory testing: A five-decade study of the Academy of Management Journal. Academy of Management Journal, 50(6): 1281–1303.
Dansereau, F., Alutto, J., & Yammarino, F. 1984. Theory testing in organizational behavior: The variant approach. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
De Dreu, C. K. W., Evers, A., Beersma, B., Kluwer, E. S., & Nauta, A. 2001. A theory-based measure of conflict management strategies in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(6): 645–668.
De Dreu, C. K. W., & Weingart, L. R. 2003. Task versus relationship conflict, team effectiveness, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4): 741–749.
de Wit, F. R. C., Greer, L. L., & Jehn, K. A. 2012. The paradox of intragroup conflict: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(2): 360–390.
Deutsch, M. 1973. The resolution of conflict: Constructive and destructive processes. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B. J., & Shamir, B. 2002. Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: A field experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 45(4): 735–744.
Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, L. S. 2007. Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychological Methods, 12(1): 1–22.
Evan, W. 1965. Conflict and performance in R&D organizations. Industrial Management Review, 7(1): 37–46.
Evans, M. G. 1985. A Monte Carlo study of the effects of correlated method variance in moderated multiple regression analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36(3): 305–323.
Fiedler, F. E. 1967. A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Guilford, J. P. 1967. The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. 2007. What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32(4): 1199–1228.
Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., & Bell, M. P. 1998. Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface and deep-level diversity on work group decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1): 96–107.
Hoever, I. J., van Knippenberg, D., van Ginkel, W. P., & Barkema, H. G. 2012. Fostering team creativity: Perspective taking as key to unlocking diversity’s potential. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(5): 982–996.
Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J. 2000. Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25(1): 121–140.
James, L., Demaree, R., & Wolf, G. 1984. Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1): 85–98.
Jehn, K. A., & Bezrukova, K. 2010. The faultline activation process and the effects of activated faultlines on coalition formation, conflict, and group outcomes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 112(1): 24–42.
Jehn, K. A., & Mannix, E. A. 2001. The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2): 238–251.
Jehn, K. A., Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. 1999. What differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict, and performance in workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4): 741–763.
Ji, L.-J., Lee, A., & Guo, T. 2010. The thinking styles of Chinese people. In M. H. Bond (Ed.). The handbook of Chinese psychology: 155–168. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Jia, L. D., Shaw, J. D., Tsui, A. S., & Park, T.-Y. 2014. A social-structural perspective on employee-organization relationships and team creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 57(3): 869–891.
Jia, L. D., You, S. Y., & Du, Y. Z. 2012. Chinese context and theoretical contributions to management and organization research: A three-decade review. Management and Organization Review, 8(1): 173–209.
Jia, W. 2008. Chinese perspective on harmony: An evaluation of the harmony and the peace paradigms. Chinese Media Research, 4(1): 25–30.
Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. 1972. The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of the behavior. In E. E. Jones et al. (Eds.). Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior: 79–94. Morristown: General Learning Press.
Kark, R., & Shamir, B. 2002. The dual effect of transformational leadership: Priming relational and collective selves and further effects on followers. In B. J. Avolio & F. J. Yammarino (Eds.). Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead: 67–91. Amsterdam: JAI Press.
Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. 1966. The social psychology of organizations. New York: John Wiley.
Kearney, E., & Gebert, D. 2009. Managing diversity and enhancing team outcomes: The promise of transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1): 77–89.
Kearney, E., Gebert, D., & Voelpel, S. C. 2009. When and how diversity benefits teams: The importance of team members’ need for cognition. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3): 581–598.
Klein, K. J., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. 2000. From micro to meso: Critical steps in conceptualizing and conducting multilevel research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(3): 211–236.
Leung, K., Brew, F. P., Zhang, Z. X., & Zhang, Y. 2011. Harmony and conflict: A cross-cultural investigation in China and Australia. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(5): 795–816.
Leung, K., Koch, P. T., & Lu, L. 2002. A dualistic model of harmony and its implications for conflict management in Asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19(2): 201–220.
Li, N., Liang, J., & Crant, J. M. 2010. The role of proactive personality in job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior: A relational perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2): 395–404.
Liu, W., & Friedman, R. 2012. Managing conflicts in Chinese societies. In X. Huang & M. H. Bond (Eds.). The handbook of Chinese organizational behavior: Integrating theory, research, and practice: 272–288. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Lord, R. G., Brown, D. J., & Feiberg, S. J. 1999. Understanding the dynamics of leadership: The role of follower self-concepts in the leader/follower relationship. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78(3): 167–203.
Lun, V. M. 2012. Harmonizing conflicting views about harmony in Chinese culture. In X. Huang & M. H. Bond (Eds.). The handbook of Chinese organizational behavior: Integrating theory, research, and practice: 467–479. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
MacKinnon, D. P., Fritz, M, S., Williams, J., & Lockwood, C. M. 2007. Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODCLIN. Behavior Research Methods, 39(3): 384–389.
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. 2002. A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7(1): 83–104.
Milkovich, G. T. 1987. Compensation systems in high technology companies. In D. B. Balkin & L. R. Gomez-Mejia (Eds.). New perspectives on compensation. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Peng, K., & Nisbett, R. E. 1999. Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction. American Psychologist, 54(9): 741–754.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5): 879–903.
Rogers, W. H. 1993. Regression standard errors in clustered samples. Stata Technical Bulletin, 13(1): 19–23.
Schriesheim, C. A., Wu, J. B., & Scandura, T. A. 2009. A meso measure? Examination of the levels of analysis of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Leadership Quarterly, 20(4): 604–616.
Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. 1993. The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept based theory. Organization Science, 4(4): 577–594.
Siemsen, E., Roth, A., & Oliveira, P. 2010. Common method bias in regression models with linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Organizational Research Methods, 13(3): 456–476.
Sparrowe, R. T., & Liden, R. C. 1997. Process and structure in leader-member exchange. Academy of Management Review, 22(2): 522–552.
Staw, B. M., Sandelands, L. E., & Dutton, J. E. 1981. Threat rigidity effects in organizational behavior: A multilevel analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(4): 501–524.
Tjosvold, D., Law, K. S., & Sun, H. 2006. Conflict in Chinese teams: Conflict types and conflict management approaches. Management and Organization Review, 2(2): 231–252.
Tsui, A. S. 2006. Contextualization in Chinese management research. Management and Organization Review, 2(1): 1–13.
Tsui, A. S. 2012. Contextualizing research in a modernizing China. In X. Huang & M. H. Bond (Eds.). The handbook of Chinese organizational behavior: Integrating theory, research, and practice: 29–47. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Tsui, A. S., & Gutek, B. 1999. Demographic differences in organizations: Current research and future directions. Lanham: Lexington Books.
Tsui, A. S., Nifadkar, S., & Ou, Y. 2007. Cross-national cross-cultural organizational behavior research: Advances, gaps, and recommendations. Journal of Management, 33(3): 426–478.
Turner, J. 1987. Rediscovering the social group: A social categorization theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Tyler, T. R., & Blader, S. L. 2003. The group engagement model: procedural justice, social identity, and cooperative behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7(4): 349–361.
van Ginkel, W. P., & van Knippenberg, D. 2009. Knowledge about the distribution of information and group decision making: When and why does it work?. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(2): 218–229.
van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Homan, A. C. 2004. Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6): 1008–1022.
van Knippenberg, D., & Sitkin, S. B. 2013. A critical assessment of charismatic-transformational leadership research: Back to the drawing board?. Academy of Management Annals, 7(1): 1–60.
Wang, X. H. F., & Howell, J. M. 2010. Exploring the dual-level effects of transformational leadership on followers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(6): 1134–1144.
Wang, X. H. F., & Howell, J. M. 2012. A multilevel study of transformational leadership, identification, and follower outcomes. Leadership Quarterly, 23(5): 775–790.
Wang, J., Leung, K., & Zhou, F. 2014. A dispositional approach to psychological climate: Relationships between interpersonal harmony motives and psychological climate for communication safety. Human Relations, 67(4): 489–515.
Weick, K. 1979. The social psychology of organizing. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Wong, A., Wei, L., & Tjosvold, D. 2014. Business and regulators partnerships: Government transformational leadership for constructive conflict management. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 31(2): 497–522.
Wu, J. H., & Lin, Y. Z. 2005. Development of a Zhong-yong thinking style scale. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 24(1): 247–300.
Wu, J. B., Tsui, A. S., & Kinicki, A. J. 2010. Consequences of differentiated leadership in groups. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1): 90–106.
Yang, J., Mossholder, K. W., & Peng, T. K. 2007. Procedural justice climate and group power distance: An examination of cross-level interaction effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3): 681–692.
Zhang, X. A., Li, N., Ullrich, J., & van Dick, R. 2015. Getting everyone on board: The effect of executive differentiated transformational leadership on top management team effectiveness and subsidiary firm performance. Journal of Management, 41(7): 1898–1933.
Acknowledgments
We thank Alfred Wong (Senior Editor) and two anonymous reviewers for constructive feedbacks. This research was supported in part by the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 71272109; 71332002; 71502094; 71632005) and by Program for Innovative Research Team of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cai, Y., Jia, L. & Li, J. Dual-level transformational leadership and team information elaboration: The mediating role of relationship conflict and moderating role of middle way thinking. Asia Pac J Manag 34, 399–421 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-016-9492-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-016-9492-x