Abstract
State leaders often promote implementation of evidence-based practices but have difficulty sustaining and expanding them over time. This paper examines the activities of leaders in 13 states that have successfully implemented, sustained, and expanded evidence-based supported employment, known as Individual Placement and Support (IPS), for 4 to 12 years. We interviewed state leaders from 13 states participating in a learning community regarding the composition of their leadership team, participation in the learning community, interagency collaboration, state policy alignment, financing, training, and monitoring of fidelity and outcome. To assess state-level performance in implementing, sustaining, and expanding IPS services, we obtained measures of sustainment, expansion, program fidelity, and employment in the subsequent year and compared them to a priori benchmarks. The majority of states (between 69 % and 77 %) met benchmarks for sustainment, expansion, fidelity, and employment. States varied widely in specific actions to advance IPS, but all had established leadership teams, participated in the national learning community, and built an infrastructure supporting IPS. Leaders in 13 states participating in a learning community have adopted and maintained multiple strategies to sustain and expand evidence-based supported employment at a high level of fidelity with good employment outcomes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Becker, D. R., Drake, R. E., & Bond, G. R. (2014). The IPS supported employment learning collaborative. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 37, 79–85.
Becker, D. R., Swanson, S., Reese, S. L., Bond, G. R., & McLeman, B. M. (2015). Evidence-based supported employment fidelity review manual (3rd ed.). Lebanon: Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center.
Bond, G. R., Becker, D. R., & Drake, R. E. (2011). Measurement of fidelity of implementation of evidence-based practices: Case example of the IPS Fidelity Scale. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18, 126–141.
Bond, G. R., Drake, R. E., Becker, D. R., & Noel, V. A. (2016). The IPS Learning Community: A longitudinal study of sustainment, quality, and outcome. Psychiatric Services, 67, 864–867.
Bond, G. R., Peterson, A. E., Becker, D. R., & Drake, R. E. (2012). Validating the revised individual placement and support fidelity scale (IPS-25). Psychiatric Services, 63, 758–763.
Bruns, E. J., Kerns, S. E., Pullmann, M. D., Hensley, S. W., Lutterman, T., & Hoagwood, K. E. (2016). Research, data, and evidence-based treatment use in state behavioral health systems, 2001–2012. Psychiatric Services, 67, 496–503.
Drake, R. E., Bond, G. R., & Becker, D. R. (2012). Individual Placement and Support: An evidence-based approach to supported employment. New York: Oxford University Press.
Drake, R. E., Bond, G. R., Goldman, H. H., Hogan, M. F., & Karakus, M. (2016). Individual Placement and Support services boost employment for people with serious mental illness, but funding is lacking. Health Affairs, 35, 1098–1105.
Finnerty, M. T., Rapp, C. A., Bond, G. R., Lynde, D. W., Ganju, V. J., & Goldman, H. H. (2009). The State Health Authority Yardstick (SHAY). Community Mental Health Journal, 45, 228–236.
Grol, R., & Grimshaw, J. (1999). Evidence-based implementation of evidence-based medicine. Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement, 25, 503–513.
Henry, A. D., Hashemi, L., & Zhang, J. (2014). Evaluation of a statewide implementation of supported employment in Massachusetts. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 37, 284–288.
Hunter, S. B., Han, B., Slaughter, M. E., Godley, S. H., & Garner, B. R. (2015). Associations between implementation characteristics and evidence-based practice sustainment: A study of the adolescent community reinforcement approach. Implementation Science, 10, 173. doi:10.1186/s13012-13015-10364-13014.
Isett, K. R., Burnam, M. A., Coleman-Beattie, B., Hyde, P. S., Morrissey, J. P., Magnabosco, J. ,… Goldman, H. H. (2007). The state policy context of implementation issues for evidence-based practices in mental health. Psychiatric Services, 58, 914–921.
Johnson-Kwochka, A. V., Bond, G. R., Drake, R. E., Becker, D. R., & Greene, M. A. (submitted). Prevalence and quality of Individual Placement and Support (IPS) supported employment in the U.S.: findings from a national survey.
Jones, A. M., Bond, G. R., Peterson, A. E., Drake, R. E., McHugo, G. J., & Williams, J. (2014). Role of state mental health leaders in supporting evidence-based practices over time. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 41, 347–355.
Jones, C. J., Perkins, D. V., & Born, D. L. (2001). Predicting work outcomes and service use in supported employment services for persons with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25, 53–59.
Margolies, P. J., Broadway-Wilson, K., Gregory, R., Jewell, T. C., Scannevin, G., Myers, R. W., et al. (2015). Use of learning collaboratives by the Center for Practice Innovations to bring IPS to scale in New York state. Psychiatric Services, 66, 4–6.
Marshall, T., Goldberg, R. W., Braude, L., Dougherty, R. H., Daniels, A. S., Ghose, S. S., et al. (2014). Supported employment: assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services, 65, 16–23.
Rosenheck, R. A., Leslie, D., Keefe, R., McEvoy, J., Swartz, M., Perkins, D., … Lieberman, J., et al. (2006). Barriers to employment for people with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 411–417.
Willging, C. E., Green, A. E., Gunderson, L., Chaffin, M., & Aarons, G. A. (2015). From a “perfect storm” to “smooth sailing”: policymaker perspectives on implementation and sustainment of an evidence-based practice in two states. Child Maltreatment, 20, 24–36.
Funding
This study was funded by H133G110161 from the National Institute of Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research. The contents of this manuscript do not necessarily represent the policy of NIDILRR and the reader should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Dr. Bond, Ms. Johnson-Kwochka, Ms. Becker, Dr. Drake, and Ms. Greene all declare they all have no conflict of interest. Until 2016, the Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center received an annual gift from Johnson & Johnson Office of Corporate Contributions for disseminating IPS supported employment. The authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
This paper has not been presented at a meeting.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bond, G.R., Johnson-Kwochka, A.V., Becker, D.R. et al. Sustaining and Expanding Evidence-Based Supported Employment: The Role of State Leaders Participating in a Learning Community. Adm Policy Ment Health 44, 320–330 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-016-0771-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-016-0771-0