Abstract
Biofeedback (BFB) training can provide a useful resource for athletes to cope with stress. However, the effects of BFB training on acute and chronic endocrine stress responses, parasympathetic activity, and mental health in competitive athletes have not been explored yet. This pilot study examined the effects of a 7-week BFB training on psychophysiological parameters in highly trained female athletes. Six highly trained female volleyball players (mean age: 17.50 ± 1.05 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Athletes individually attended 21-session heart rate variability (HRV)-BFB training consisting of six minutes for 7 weeks. A BFB device (Nexus 10) was used to measure the athletes’ physiological responses reflecting HRV. To assess the cortisol awakening response (CAR), saliva samples were collected immediately after awakening and 15 min, 30 min, and 60 min post-awakening. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 was filled out before and after the intervention to assess mental health. Furthermore, athletes provided saliva samples during eight sessions pre- and immediately post-session. Mid-day cortisol levels decreased significantly after the intervention. No significant change was observed in CAR and physiological responses after the intervention. A significant decrease in cortisol level was observed in BFB sessions in which cortisol level was assessed, except for two sessions. We concluded that short sessions of 7-week HRV-BFB training could be used as an effective method to control autonomic functions and stress of female athletes. Although the present study provides strong evidence for the psychophysiological well-being of athletes, further investigations with larger samples are needed.
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Research concept and study design: Y.M., M.M., E.Z.; Literature review: Y.M., M.M., F.L.; Data collection: M.M., E.Z.; Data analysis and interpretation: Y.M., M.M., F.L.; Statistical analyses: Y.M., F.L.; Writing of the manuscript: Y.M.; Reviewing/editing a draft of the manuscript: E.Z., F.L. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Makaracı, Y., Makaracı, M., Zorba, E. et al. A Pilot Study of the Biofeedback Training to Reduce Salivary Cortisol Level and Improve Mental Health in Highly-Trained Female Athletes. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 48, 357–367 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-023-09589-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-023-09589-z