Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gracilibacillus marinus sp. nov., isolated from the northern South China Sea

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Two gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria, designated HB09003T and HB12160, were isolated from seawater and sediment in the northern South China Sea, respectively. Cells were found to be motile by means of peritrichous flagella. The strains were found to grow with 0–15 % (w/v) NaCl, at 10–45 °C and pH 5.0–10.7, with an optimum of 3 % NaCl, 28 °C and pH 8.5, respectively. The predominant isoprenoid quinone of strain HB09003T, selected as the representative strain, was identified as MK-7. This strain was found to possess anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0 and C16:0 as the major fatty acids. The G+C contents of strain HB09003T and HB12160 were determined to be 34.1 and 34.3 mol%, respectively. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the two strains showed an affiliation with the genus Gracilibacillus, with Gracilibacillus kekensis CGMCC 1.10681T (similarity of 97.4, 98.0 %, respectively) and Gracilibacillus ureilyticus CGMCC 1.7727T (similarity of 97.1, 97.8 %, respectively) as their closest relatives. The DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain HB09003T and the two type strains were 42.2 and 54.1 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data, strain HB09003T and HB12160 are proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Gracilibacillus, for which the name Gracilibacillus marinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HB09003T (=CGMCC 1.10343T = DSM 23372T).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

MK:

Menaquinone

References

  • Ahmed I, Yokota A, Fujiwara T (2007) Gracilibacillus boraciitolerans sp. nov., a highly boron-tolerant and moderately halotolerant bacterium isolated from soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:796–802

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carrasco IJ, Márquez MC, Yanfen X, Ma Y, Cowan DA, Jones BE, Grant WD, Ventosa A (2006) Gracilibacillus orientalis sp. nov., a novel moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a salt lake in Inner Mongolia, China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:599–604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chamroensaksri N, Tanasupawat S, Akaracharanya A, Visessanguan W, Kudo T, Itoh T (2010) Gracilibacillus thailandensis sp. nov., from fermented fish (pla-ra). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:944–948

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Cui X, Zhang Y, Li W, Wang Y, Xu L, Peng Q, Wen M, Jiang C (2008) Gracilibacillus halophilus sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from saline soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:2403–2408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen H, Angen O, Mutters R, Olsen JE, Bisgaard M (2000) DNA–DNA hybridization determined in micro-wells using covalent attachment of DNA. Int J Syst Evol Bacteriol 50:1095–1102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chun J, Lee JH, Jung Y, Kim M, Kim S, Kim BK, Lim YW (2007) EzTaxon: a web-based tool for the identification of prokaryotes based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:2259–2261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins MD (1994) Isoprenoid quinones. In: Goodfellow M, O’Donnell AG (eds) Chemical methods in prokaryotic systematics. Wiley, Chichester, pp 265–309

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong XZ, Cai MY (2001) Common bacterial system identification manual. Science (in Chinese), Beijing, pp 354–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezaki T, Hashimoto Y, Yabuuchi E (1989) Fluorometric deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization in microdilution wells as an alternative to membrane filter hybridization in which radioisotopes are used to determine genetic relatedness among bacterial strains. Int J Syst Bacteriol 39:224–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felsenstein J (1981) Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. J Mol Evol 17:368–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783–791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitch WM (1972) Toward defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology. Syst Zool 20:406–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao M, Liu ZZ, Zhou YG, Liu HC, Ma YC, Wang L, Chen SF, Ji XC (2012) Gracilibacillus kekensis sp. nov., a moderate halophile isolated from Keke Salt Lake. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62:1032–1036

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasgawa T, Takizawa M, Tanida S (1983) A rapid analysis for chemical grouping of aerobic actinomycetes. J Gen Appl Microbiol 29:319–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heyndrickx M, Lebbe L, Kersters K, De Vos P, Forsyth G, Logan NA (1998) Virgibacillus: a new genus to accommodate Bacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950). Emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48:99–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt JG, Krieg NR (1994) Enrichment and isolation. In: Gerhart P, Murray RGE, Wood WA, Krieg NR (eds) Methods for general and molecular bacteriology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp 179–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Huo YY, Xu XW, Lin H, Wu M (2010) Gracilibacillus ureilyticus sp. nov., a halotolerant bacterium from saline-alkali soli in China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:1383–1386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Javor B (1989) Hypersaline environments: microbiology and biogeochemistry. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jeon CO, Lim JM, Jang HH, Park DJ, Xu LH, Jiang CL, Kim CJ (2008) Gracilibacillus lacisalsi sp. nov., a halophilic gram-positive bacterium from a salt lake in China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:2282–2286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim P, Lee JC, Park DJ, Shin KS, Kim JY, Kim CJ (2012) Gracilibacillus bigeumensis sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium from solar saltern soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62:1857–1863

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komagata K, Suzuki KI (1987) Lipids and cell-wall analysis in bacterial systematics. Methods Microbiol 19:161–207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuykendall LD, Roy MA, O’Neill JJ, Devine TE (1988) Fatty acids, antibiotic resistance, and deoxyribonucleic acid homology groups of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Int J Syst Bacteriol 38:358–361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leifson E (1963) Determination of carbohydrate metabolism of marine bacteria. J Bacteriol 85:1183–1184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minnikin DE, O’Donnell AG, Goodfellow M, Alderson G, Athalye M, Schaal A, Parlett JK (1984) An integrated procedure for the extraction of isoprenoid quinones and polar lipids. J Microbiol Methods 2:233–241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitcher DG, Saunders NA, Owen RJ (1989) Rapid extraction of bacterial genomic DNA with guanidinium thiocyanate. Lett Appl Microbiol 8:109–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reasoner DJ, Geldreich EE (1985) A new medium for the enumeration and subculture of bacteria from potable water. Appl Environ Microbiol 49:1–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren PG, Zhou PJ (2005) Salinibacillus aidingensis gen. nov., sp nov and Salinibacillus kushneri sp nov., moderately halophilic bacteria isolated from a neutral saline lake in Xin-Jiang, China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55:949–953

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saitou N, Nei M (1987) The neighbor-joining methods: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4:406–425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smibert RM, Krieg NR (1981) General characterization. In: Gerhardt P, Murray RGE, Costilow RN, Nester EW, Wood WA, Krieg NR, Phillips GB (eds) Manual of methods for general bacteriology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp 409–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt E, Frederiksen W, Garrity GM et al (2002) Report of the ad hoc committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:1043–1047

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamaoka J, Komagata K (1984) Determination of DNA base composition by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. FEMS Microbiol Lett 25:125–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S (2011) MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28:2731–2739

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang SK, Wang Y, Lou K, Mao PH, Jin X, Jiang CL, Xu LH, Li WJ (2009) Gracilibacillus saliphilus sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a salt lake. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:1620–1624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG (1997) The GLUSTAL X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ventosa A, García MT, Kamekura M, Onishi H, Ruiz-Berraquero F (1989) Bacillus halophilus sp. nov., a moderately halophilic Bacillus species. Syst Appl Microbiol 12:162–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vreeland RH, Hochstein LI (1993) The biology of halophilic bacteria. CRC, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainø M, Tindall B, Schumann P, Ingvorsen K (1999) Gracilibacillus gen. nov., with description of Gracilibacillus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov.; transfer of Bacillus dipsosauri to Gracilibacillus dipsosauri comb. nov., and Bacillus salexigens to the genus Salibacillus gen. nov., as Salibacillus salexigens comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 49:821–831

    Google Scholar 

  • Wayne LG, Brenner DJ, Colwell RR, International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology et al (1987) Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37:463–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisburg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DJ, Lane DJ (1991) 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J Bacteriol 173:697–703

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams ST, Goodfellow M, Alderson G, Wellington EMH, Sneath PHA, Sackin MJ (1983) Numerical classification of Streptomyces and related genera. J Gen Microbiol 129:1743–1813

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu LH, Li WJ, Liu ZH, Jiang CL (2007) Actinomycete taxonomy: principles, methods and practices. Science, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoon JH, Weiss N, Lee KC, Kang KH, Park YH (2001) Jeotgalibacillus alimentarius gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from jeotgal with l-lysine in the cell wall, and reclassification of Bacillus marinus Rüger 1983 as Marinibacillus marinus gen. nov., comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:2087–2093

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the help of M Wu and S F Chen for offering the related two strains. This research was supported by grants from Haninan Major Technology Project (ZDZX2013023-1), the Foundation of Chinese National Program for High Technology Research and Development (2007AA09Z447) and National Non-profit Institute Research Grant of CATAS-ITBB from Chinese Government (1630052013004).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, People’s Republic of China

    Hui-qin Huang, Ying Wang, Wei-dao Yuan, Chuan Xiao, Jian-jun Ye, Min Liu, Jun Zhu, Qian-guang Sun & Shi-xiang Bao

Authors
  1. Hui-qin Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ying Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wei-dao Yuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chuan Xiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jian-jun Ye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Min Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jun Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Qian-guang Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Shi-xiang Bao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shi-xiang Bao.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary Fig. S1

Scanning electron micrograph of cells from a 7-day-old culture of strain HB09003T grown on modified R2A agar at 28 °C. Bar 5 μm. (JPEG 25 kb)

Supplementary Fig. S2

Micrograph of strain HB09003T showing spore-forming rods. (JPEG 20 kb)

Supplementary Fig. S3

The polar lipids of strain HB09003T assayed by TLC plate method. The polar liquids consist of DPG diphosphatidylglycerol, PG phosphatidylglycerol, NPG unidentified phospholipids, AL amino-polar lipid and GL glycolipids. (JPEG 10 kb)

Supplementary Fig. S4

Maximum parsimony tree showing the relationship between strain HB09003T, HB12160 and the type strains of genus Gracilibacillus. Bootstrap values (1,000 replicates) are shown as percentages at each node for values; values > 50 % were shown. The scale bar represents 0.005 nucleotide substitutions per position. (DOC 42 kb)

Supplementary Fig. S5

Maximum likelihood tree showing the relationship between strain HB09003T, HB12160 and the type strains of genus Gracilibacillus. Bootstrap values (1,000 replicates) are shown as percentages at each node for values; values > 50 % were shown. The scale bar represents 0.005 nucleotide substitutions per position. (DOC 42 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Huang, Hq., Wang, Y., Yuan, Wd. et al. Gracilibacillus marinus sp. nov., isolated from the northern South China Sea. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 104, 695–701 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-013-9977-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-013-9977-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation