Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Growing up in a Violent Society: Longitudinal Predictors of Violence in Colombian Adolescents

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
American Journal of Community Psychology

Abstract

Although violence and homicide are more prevalent in Colombia, South America than the US, the role of psychosocial factors in the violent behavior of Colombian adolescents remains unclear. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine the interrelation of domains of personality, familial, peer, and ecological variables associated with violence in a community sample of adolescents from various self-reported ethnic groups in Colombia. The sample consisted of 1,151 male adolescents selected from three Colombian cities. The participants were surveyed using structured interviews at two points in time over a 2-year interval. Data were collected concerning adolescent personal attributes, family characteristics, peer, and ecological factors, including drug availability and the prevalence of violence in the community. The dependent variable was the self-reported frequency of the adolescent’s violent behavior. The results supported a model in which violent behavior was correlated independently over time with a number of risk factors from several domains. Evidence for the hypothesized mediated effects of the familial monitoring and bonding domain, the peer domain, the ecological domain, and prior victimization related to personal attributes and contemporaneous violence and the adolescent’s violent behavior 2 years later was also found. The findings suggest the use of specific intervention procedures with adolescents to prevent their subsequent violent behavior.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agnew, R. (1993). Why do they do it? An examination of the intervening mechanisms between social control variables and delinquency. Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, 30, 245–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aneshensel, C. S., & Sucoff, C. A. (1996). The neighborhood context of adolescent mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 293–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ary, D. V., Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., & Hops, H. (1999). Adolescent problem behavior: The influence of parents and peers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 217–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avgar, A., Bronfenbrenner, U., & Henderson, C. R. (1977). Socialization practices of parents, teachers, and peers in Israel: Kibbutz, moshav, and city. Child Development, 48, 1219–1227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 155–162.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bezirganian, S., Cohen, P., & Brook, J. S. (1993). The impact of mother-child interaction on the development of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1836–1842.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, R., & Coid, J. W. (1999). Empirical clusters of DSM-III personality disorders in violent offenders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 13, 18–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., Gordon, A. S., Whiteman, M., & Cohen, P. (1990). The psychosocial etiology of adolescent drug use: A family interactional approach. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 116(2), 111–267.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., & Pahl, K. (2006). The developmental context for adolescent substance abuse intervention. In H. A. Liddle & C. A. Rowe (Eds.), Adolescent substance abuse: Research and clinical advantages (pp. 25–51). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., & Gordon, A. S. (1982). Qualitative and quantitative aspects of adolescent drug use: Interplay of personality, family, and peer correlates. Psychological Reports, 51, 1151–1163.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cadoret, R. J., Yates, W., Troughton, E., Woodworth, G., & Stewart, M. A. (1995). Genetic environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 916–924.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, C. H., Kohn-Wood, L. P., Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., Chavous, T. M., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2004). Racial discrimination and racial identity as risk factors for violent behaviors in African American young adults. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33, 91–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centro de Referencia Nacional de Violencia (1996). External injuries evaluated by the national Institute of Forensic Medicine, Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavez, E. L., Oetting, E. R., & Swaim, R. C. (1989). Dropout and delinquency: Mexican-American and Caucasian non-Hispanic youth. Journal of Clinical and Child Psychology, 23, 47–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleary, S. D. (2000). Adolescent victimization and associated suicidal and violent behaviors. Adolescence, 35, 671–682.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colombian Ministry of Justice (1995). National police report on the number of homicides committed in Colombia in 1995. Bogota, Colombia: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, D. G., Warren, J., Hawk, G., Stafford, E., Oram, G., & Pine, D. (1996). Psychopathy in instrumental and reactive violent offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 783–790.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlberg, L. L., & Potter, L. B. (2001). Youth violence: Developmental pathways and prevention challenges. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 20(1S), 3–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins, M. P. (1997). Drug use and violent crime among adolescents. Adolescence, 32(4), 395–405.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiClemente, R. J., Wingood, G. M., Crosby, R., Sionean, C., Cobb, B. K., Harrington, K., et al. (2001). Parental monitoring: Association with adolescents’ risk behaviors. Pediatrics, 107(6), 1363–1368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K., Bates, J., & Pettit, G. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678–1683.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dukarm, C. P., Byrd, R. S., Avinger, P., & Weitzman, M. (1996). Illicit substance abuse, gender, and risk of violent behavior among adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 150, 797–801.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DuRant, R. H., Altman, D., Wolfson, M., Barkin, S., Kreiter, S., & Krowchuk, D. (2000). Exposure to violence and victimization, depression, substance use, and the use of violence by young adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics, 137, 707–713.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DuRant, R. H., Pendergrast, R. A., & Candehead, C. (1994). Exposure to violence and victimization and fighting behavior by urban Black adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15, 311–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellickson, P. L., & McGuigan, K. A. (2000). Early predictors of adolescent violence. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 566–572.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, D. S., & Ageton, S. S. (1980). Reconciling race and class differences in self-reported and official estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 45, 95–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug abuse. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, K. G., Crosnoe, R., & Dornsbusch, S. M. (2000). A social process model of adolescent deviance: Combining social control and differential association perspectives. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 395–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D. (1991). Childhood aggression and adult violence: Early precursors and later outcomes. In D. Pepeer & K. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 5–29). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Koreblum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, J. L. (1996). The role of adolescent peer affiliations in the continuity between childhood behavioral adjustment and juvenile offending. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 24, 205–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, D. M., Swain-Campbell, N. R., & Horwood, L. J. (2002). Deviant peer affiliations, crime and substance use: A fixed effects regression analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 30, 419–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick, K. M. (1997). Fighting among America’s youth: A risk and protective factors approach. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38(2), 131–148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flannery, D. J., Singer, M. I., & Wester, K. (2001). Violence exposure, psychological trauma, and suicide risk in a community sample of dangerously violent adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 435–442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J., Bradshaw, C. P., & Vorrasi, J. A. (2002). Mitigating the effects of gun violence on children and youth. The Future of Children/Center for the Future of Children, 12, 72–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garofalo, J., Siegel, L., & Laub, J. (1987). School-related victimization among adolescents: An analysis of national crime survey (NCS) narratives. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3, 321–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. (1966). Undetected delinquent behavior. Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, 3, 27–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, M. R. (1984). Victims of crime: The dimensions of risk. London: Home Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, K. M., Florey, F., Tabor, J., Bearman, P. S., Jones, J., & Udry, J. R. (2003). The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health: Research design. Retrieved on 10/30/05 from http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/design.

  • Henrich, C. C., Brookmeyer, K. A., & Shahar, G. (2005). Weapon violence in adolescence: Parent and school connectedness as protective factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37(4), 306–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hindelang, M. J. (1981). Variations in sex-race-age-specific incidence rates of offending. American Sociological Review, 46, 461–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hindelang, M. S., Gottfredson, M., & Garofalo, J. (1978). Victims of personal crime. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huesmann, L., Rowell, E., & Leonard, D. (1984). Cognitive processes and the persistence of aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 10, 243–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inciardi, J. A., Horowitz, R., & Pottieger, A. E. (1993). Street kids, street drugs, street crime: An examination of drug use and serious delinquency in Miami. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessor, R., Graves, T. D., Hanson, R. C., & Jessor, S. L. (1968). Society, personality, and deviant behavior: A study of a tri-ethnic community. New York: Holt, Rhinehart, & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E., Kasen, S., Oldham, J. M., Skodol, A. E., et al. (2000). Adolescent personality disorders associated with violence and criminal behaviors during adolescence and early adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1406–1412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B. D., Dunlap, E., & Maher, L. (1998). Nurturing for careers in drug use and crime: Conduct norms for children and juveniles in crack-using households. Substance Use and Misuse, 33, 1511–1546.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (1986). Drug use among American high school students, and other young adults: National trends through 1985, (National Institute of Drug Abuse). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

  • Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2005). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2004. Volume I: Secondary school students (NIH Publication No. 05-5727, 680 pp). Washington, D. C.: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.

  • Kann, L., Warren, C. W., Harris, W. A., Collins, J. L., Williams, B. I., Ross, J. G., et al. (1996). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 1995. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries, 45(SS-4), 1–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellermann, A. L., Fuqua-Whitley, D. S., Rivara, F. P., & Mercy, J. (1998). Preventing youth violence: What works? Annual Revue of Public Health, 19, 271–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, B. T., Huizinga, D., Thornberry, T. P., & Loeber, R. (1997). Epidemiology of serious violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Juvenile Justice Bulletin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingery, P. M., Pruitt, B. E., & Hurley, R. S. (1992). Violence and illegal drug use among adolescents: Evidence from the US National Adolescent Student Health Survey. International Journal of Addictions, 27, 1445–1464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauritsen, J. L., Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (1992). Conventional and delinquent activities: Implications for the prevention of violent victimization among adolescents. Violence and Victims, 7, 91–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lavoie, F., Herbert, M., Tremblay, R., Vitaro, F., Vezina, L., & McDuff, P. (2002). History of family dysfunction and perpetration of dating violence by adolescent boys: A longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30(5), 375–385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leech, G. M. (1999). Colombia report: Fifty years of violence 1999. Retrieved October 9, 2004 from the Colombia Report site. http://www.colombiajournal.org.

  • Maguire, K., & Pastore, A. L. (Eds.) (1999). Source book of criminal justice statistics. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCord, J. (1992). The Cambridge Somerville study: A pioneering longitudinal-experimental study of delinquency prevention. In J. McCord & R. E. Tremblay (Eds.), Preventing antisocial behavior: Interventions from birth to adolescence (pp. 196–206). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meier, R. F., & Miethe, T. D. (1993). Understanding theories of criminal victimization. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice: A review of research (pp. 459–499). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miethe, T. D., & Meier, R. F. (1990). Opportunity, choice, and criminal victimization: A test of a theoretical model. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 27, 243–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milgram, G. C. (1993). Adolescents, alcohol, and aggression. Journal of Studies on Alcohol Supplement, 11, 53–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., & Milne, B. J. (2002). Males on the life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: Follow-up at age 26 years. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 179–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. W. (1990). Gangs, drugs, and violence. In M. De la Rosa, E. Lambert, & B. Gropper (Eds.), Drugs and violence: Causes, correlates, and consequences (National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph No. 103, DHHS Publication No. ADM 91-1721, pp. 160–176). Rockville, Maryland: NIDA.

  • Moss, H. B., Lynch, K., Hardie, T. L., & Baron, D. A. (2002). Family functioning and peer affiliation in children of fathers with antisocial personality disorder and substance dependence: Associations with problem behaviors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 607–614.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. Panel on High Risk Youth, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (1993). Losing generations: Adolescents in high-risk settings. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oetting, E. R., & Donnermeyer, J. F. (1998). Primary socialization theory: The etiology of drug use and deviance. Part I. Substance Use and Misuse, 33(4), 995–1026.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. B. (1982). A comparative evaluation of a parent-training program. Behavior Therapy, 13, 638–650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, M. D., Ireland, M., & Borowsky, I. (2004). Youth violence perpetration: What protects? What predicts? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 424e1–424e10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, M. H., Larson, R., Miller, B. V., Luo, Z., Sims, B., Parella, D. P., & McCauley, C. (2004). Risky and protective contexts and exposure to violence in urban African American young adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(1), 138–148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, C. (1989). Puerto Ricans born in the USA. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblatt, J. A., & Furlong, M. J. (1997). Assessing the reliability and validity of student self-reports of campus violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 187–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruttenberg, H. (1994). The limited promise of public health methodologies to prevent youth violence. Yale Law Journal, 103, 1885–1912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salts, C. J., Lindholm, B. W., Goddard, H. W., & Duncan, S. (1995). Predictive variables of violent behavior in adolescent males. Youth and Society, 26, 377–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., Stockhammer, T., & Hood, J. (2002). An ecological framework for understanding risk for exposure to community violence and the effects of exposure on children and adolescents. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7, 423–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saner, H., & Ellickson, P. (1996). Concurrent risk factors for adolescent violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 19, 94–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, E. S., & Finkelstein, N. W. (1975, August–September). Child behavior toward parents: An inventory and factor analysis. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, Illinois.

  • Smart, R. G., Mann, R. E., & Tyson, L. A. (1997). Drugs and violence among Ontario students. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 29, 369–373.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song, L., Singer, M. I., & Anglin, T. M. (1998). Violence exposure and emotional trauma as contributors to adolescents’ violent behaviors. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 152, 531–536.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, R. F., Genn, H. G., & Dodd, D. J. (1977). Surveying victims. London: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sussman, S., Simon, T. R., Dent, C. W., Steinberg, J. M., & Stacy, A. W. (1999). One-year prediction of violence perpetration among high-risk youth. American Journal of Health and Behavior, 23, 332–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sussman, S., Skara, S., Weiner, M. D., & Dent, C. W. (2004). Prediction of violence perpertration among high-risk youth. American Journal of Health Behaviors, 28(2), 134–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. W., Swartz, M. S., Essock, S. M., Osher, F. C., Wagner, H. R., Goodman, L. A., et al. (2002). The social-environmental context of violent behavior in persons treated for severe mental illness. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1523–1531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarter, R. E., Kirisci, L., Vanukov, M., Cornelius, J., Pajer, K., Shoal, G. D., et al. (2002). Predicting adolescent violence: Impact of family history, substance use, psychiatric history, and social adjustment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1541–1547.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thornberry, T. P., Huizinga, D., & Loeber, R. (1995). The prevention of serious delinquency and violence: Implications from the program of research on the causes and correlates of delinquency. In J. C. Howell, B. Krisberg, J. D. Hawkins, & J. J. Wilsons (Eds.), Sourcebook on serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolan, P. H., Gorman-Smith, D., & Henry, D. B. (2003). The developmental ecology of urban males’ youth violence. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 274–291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Health and Human Services (2003). Youth violence: A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, D. C.: U. S. National Library of Medicine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vance, J. E., Bowen, N. K., Fernandez, G., & Thompson, S. (2002). Risk and protective factors as predictors of outcome in adolescents with psychiatric disorder and aggression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 36–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, E. F. (1996). Substance use and violent behavior in adolescence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1, 375–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, W. D., & Wright, L. S. (1990). The relationship of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and other illegal drug use to delinquency among Mexican-American, black, and white adolescent males. Adolescence, 25, 171–181.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, D. W. (1993). The unconvincing case for school-base conflict resolution programs for adolescents. Health Affairs, 12, 126–141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, M. D., Sussman, S., Sun, P., & Dent, C. W. (2005). Explaining the link between violence perpertration, victimization and drug use. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 1261–1266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wikström, P. H. (1991). Urban crime, criminals, and victims: The Swedish experience in an Anglo-American comparative perspective. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. H., Van Dorn, R. A., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R., & Catalano, R. F. (2001). Correlates contributing to involvement in violent behaviors among young adults. Violence and Victims, 16, 371–388.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (2000). Violence in Colombia: Building sustainable peace and social capital. Washington, D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva, Switzerland.

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Research Grant DA 10348 and Research Scientist Award DA 00244, both to Dr Judith S. Brook by the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA. We thank Drs Ivan Montoya and Mario De La Rosa for overseeing the data collection, Elizabeth Rubenstone for reviewing the literature, and Zohn Rosen for doing the statistical analysis and contributing to a preliminary draft of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Avenue, 15th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA

    Judith S. Brook, David W. Brook & Martin Whiteman

Authors
  1. Judith S. Brook
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David W. Brook
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Martin Whiteman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Judith S. Brook.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Brook, J.S., Brook, D.W. & Whiteman, M. Growing up in a Violent Society: Longitudinal Predictors of Violence in Colombian Adolescents. Am J Community Psychol 40, 82–95 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9126-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9126-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation