Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Intimate Partner Violence Influences Women’s Engagement in the Early Stages of the HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Care Continuum: Using Doubly Robust Estimation

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) acceptability among US women, but whether IPV influences other steps along the PrEP care continuum remains unclear. This study estimated the causal effects of IPV on the early stages of the PrEP care continuum using doubly robust (DR) estimation (statistical method allowing causal inference in non-randomized studies). Data were collected (2017–2018) from a cohort study of 124 US women without and 94 women with IPV experiences in the past 6 months (N = 218). Of the 218 women, 12.4% were worried about getting HIV, 22.9% knew of PrEP, 32.1% intended to use PrEP, and 40.4% preferred an “invisible” PrEP modality. IPV predicts HIV-related worry (DR estimate = 0.139, SE = 0.049, p = 0.004). IPV causes women to be more concerned about contracting HIV. Women experiencing IPV are worried about HIV, but this population may need trauma-informed approaches to help facilitate their PrEP interest and intentions.

Resumen

La violencia por parte de la pareja (IPV) está asociada con la aceptabilidad de la profilaxis previa a la exposición (PrEP) entre las mujeres de EE. UU., Pero no está claro si la IPV influye en otros pasos a lo largo del proceso de atención de la PrEP. Este estudio estimó los efectos causales de la IPV en las primeras etapas del continuo de atención de PrEP utilizando una estimación doblemente robusta (DR) (método estadístico que permite la inferencia causal en estudios no aleatorios). Los datos se recopilaron (2017-18) de un estudio de cohorte de 124 mujeres estadounidenses sin experiencia y 94 mujeres con experiencias de IPV en los últimos seis meses (N = 218). De las 218 mujeres, 12.4% estaban preocupadas por contraer el VIH, 22.9% conocían PrEP, 32.1% intentaban usar PrEP y 40.4% preferían una modalidad PrEP “invisible”. La IPV predice la preocupación relacionada con el VIH (DR estimado = 0.139, SE = 0.049, p = 0.004). La IPV hace que las mujeres estén más preocupadas por contraer el VIH. Las mujeres que tienen IPV están preocupadas por el VIH, pero esta población puede necesitar enfoques informados sobre el trauma para ayudar a facilitar sus intereses e intenciones de PrEP.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Reproduced with permission from Nunn et al. [13]

Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Willie TC, Stockman JK, Perler R, Kershaw TS. Associations between intimate partner violence, violence-related policies, and HIV diagnosis rate among women in the United States. Ann Epidemiol. 2018;28(12):881–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Li Y, Marshall CM, Rees HC, et al. Intimate partner violence and HIV infection among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17(1):18845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Maman S, Campbell J, Sweat MD, Gielen AC. The intersections of HIV and violence: directions for future research and interventions. Soc Sci Med. 2000;50(4):459–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Campbell JC, Soeken KL. Forced sex and intimate partner violence: effects on women’s risk and women’s health. Violence Against Women. 1999;5(9):1017–35.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Stockman JK, Lucea MB, Campbell JC. Forced sexual initiation, sexual intimate partner violence and HIV risk in women: a global review of the literature. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(3):832–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Dunkle KL, Decker MR. Gender-based violence and HIV: reviewing the evidence for links and causal pathways in the general population and high-risk groups. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2013;69(s1):20–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Sareen J, Pagura J, Grant B. Is intimate partner violence associated with HIV infection among women in the United States? Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31(3):274–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Garfinkel DB, Alexander KA, McDonald-Mosley R, Willie TC, Decker MR. Predictors of HIV-related risk perception and PrEP acceptability among young adult female family planning patients. AIDS Care. 2017;29(6):751–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Willie TC, Stockman JK, Overstreet NM, Kershaw TS. Examining the impact of intimate partner violence type and timing on pre-exposure prophylaxis awareness, interest, and coercion. AIDS Behav. 2018;22(4):1190–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Willie T, Kershaw T, Campbell JC, Alexander KA. Intimate partner violence and PrEP acceptability among low-income, young black women: Exploring the mediating role of reproductive coercion. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(8):2261–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Truvada for PrEP fact sheet: Ensuring safe and proper use. 2012.

  12. Braksmajer A, Senn TE, McMahon J. The potential of pre-exposure prophylaxis for women in violent relationships. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2016;30(6):274–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Nunn AS, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Oldenburg CE, et al. Defining the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis care continuum. AIDS (London, England). 2017;31(5):731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Cole J, Logan T, Shannon L. Self-perceived risk of HIV among women with protective orders against male partners. Health Soc Work. 2008;33(4):287–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Darak S, Gadgil M, Balestre E, et al. HIV risk perception among pregnant women in western india: need for reducing vulnerabilities rather than improving knowledge! AIDS Care. 2014;26(6):709–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Funk MJ, Westreich D, Wiesen C, et al. Doubly robust estimation of causal effects. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(7):761–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Willie TC, Stockman JK, Keene DE, Calabrese SK, Alexander KA, Kershaw TS. Social networks and its impact on women’s awareness, interest, and uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): implications for women experiencing intimate partner violence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;80(4):386–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. US Public Health Service. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2014 clinical practice guideline: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2014.

  19. Straus MA, Hamby S, Warren W. The conflict tactics scales handbook: revised conflict tactics scale (cts2) and cts: Parent-child version (ctspc). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Koss MP, Oros CJ. Sexual experiences survey: a research instrument investigating sexual aggression and victimization. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1982;50(3):455.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Krakower DS, Mimiaga MJ, Rosenberger JG, et al. Limited awareness and low immediate uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men using an internet social networking site. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(3):e33119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Parsons JT, Rendina HJ, Lassiter JM, et al. Uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in a national cohort of gay and bisexual men in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74(3):285–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Calabrese SK, Galvao RW, Willie TC, et al. What women want: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) delivery preferences and contraception use among us women engaged in healthcare. In: 2017 Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality Annual Meeting. Atlanta, GA, 2017.

  24. Greene GJ, Swann G, Fought AJ, et al. Preferences for long-acting pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), daily oral PrEP, or condoms for HIV prevention among us men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(5):1336–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Luecke EH, Cheng H, Woeber K, et al. Stated product formulation preferences for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among women in the voice-d (mtn-003d) study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19(1):20875.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Aronow PM, Miller BT. Foundations of agnostic statistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2019.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  27. IBM SPSS Statistics. IBM spss statistics 21.0 for windows. Chicago: IBM; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Statistical Package R. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Wasserstein RL, Lazar NA. The asa’s statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose. The American Statistician. 2016;70(2):129–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. McCloskey LA, Doran KA, Gerber MR. Intimate partner violence is associated with voluntary sterilization in women. J Womens Health. 2017;26(1):64–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Grace KT. Caring for women experiencing reproductive coercion. J Midwifery Women’s Health. 2016;61(1):112–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. McCarraher DR, Martin SL, Bailey PE. The influence of method-related partner violence on covert pill use and pill discontinuation among women living in la paz, el alto and santa cruz, bolivia. J Biosoc Sci. 2006;38(2):169–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Sales JM, Swartzendruber A, Phillips AL. Trauma-informed HIV prevention and treatment. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2016;13(6):374–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Scott-Storey K. Cumulative abuse: Do things add up? An evaluation of the conceptualization, operationalization, and methodological approaches in the study of the phenomenon of cumulative abuse. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2011:1524838011404253.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the women who participated in this study. The authors would also like to thank Dr. Peter Aronow, who generously contributed time, effort, and support. The authors would also like to thank the following sources of funding and resources for this project: the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA) Pilot Projects in HIV Program at Yale University; the National Institute on Mental Health via F31-MH113508 (TCW); and the Surgeon General C. Everett Koop HIV/AIDS Research Grant from the Rural Center for AIDS/STD Prevention, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington. Additional support for TCW was provided through Brown Initiative in HIV and AIDS Clinical Research for Minority Communities (R25-MH083620). Support for SKC was provided by the National Institutes of Mental Health via Award Number K01-MH103080.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Miriam Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Tiara C. Willie

  2. Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Danya E. Keene & Trace S. Kershaw

  3. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA

    Danya E. Keene & Trace S. Kershaw

  4. Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA

    Jamila K. Stockman

  5. Department of Community Public Health Nursing, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, 525 N. Wolfe Street, Rm 417, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Kamila A. Alexander

  6. Department of Psychology, George Washington University, 2125 G Street NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA

    Sarah K. Calabrese

Authors
  1. Tiara C. Willie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Danya E. Keene
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jamila K. Stockman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kamila A. Alexander
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sarah K. Calabrese
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Trace S. Kershaw
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tiara C. Willie.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Willie, T.C., Keene, D.E., Stockman, J.K. et al. Intimate Partner Violence Influences Women’s Engagement in the Early Stages of the HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Care Continuum: Using Doubly Robust Estimation. AIDS Behav 24, 560–567 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02469-w

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02469-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation