Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Isolation, identification and testing for allergenicity of fungi from air-conditioned indoor environments

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Aerobiologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Twelve fungi were isolated and identified from air-conditioned rooms. Of the 12, 7 were species of Aspergillus, viz. A. niger, A. oryzae, A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. nidulans, A. versicolor and A. parasiticus. Other fungi were Penicillium citrinum, Fusarium oxysporum, Trichoderma viride, Neurospora crassa and Alternaria alternata. A. niger was present in 80% of the locations. Some of the fungi isolated in this study could be opportunistic fungal pathogens, like A. fumigatus, A. niger and Penicillium citrinum, and were found to be allergenic. Results of this study indicate that air-conditioned rooms could be reservoirs of fungi and may cause allergic problems or infections in healthy or immunocompromised individuals living in these environments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anon (2007) Indian Pharmacopoeia, 5th edn. Government of India

  • Austen, B. H., McCarthy, B., Wilkins, A., Smith, & Duncombe, A. (2001). Fatal disseminated Fusarium infection in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in complete remission. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 54, 488–490. doi:10.1136/jcp.54.6.488.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bren, A. (1998). Fungal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory dialysis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 17, 839–843. doi:10.1007/s100960050203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, S. H., Reponen, T., Le Masters, G., Levin, L., Huang, J., Meklin, T., et al. (2006). Mold damage in homes and wheezing in infants. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 97(4), 539–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooley, J. D., Wong, W. C., Jumper, C. A., & Straus, D. C. (1998). Correlation between the prevalence of certain fungi and sick building syndrome. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55, 579–584. doi:10.1136/oem.55.9.579.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Hoog, G. S., Guarro, J., Gene, J., & Figueras, M. J. (2000). Atlas of Clinical Fungi (2nd ed., Vol. 1). Utrecht, The Netherlands: Centralbureau voor Schimmel cultures.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diette, G. D., Hansel, N. N., Buckley, T. J., Brosnan, J. C., Eggleston, P. A., Matsui, E. C., et al. (2007). Home indoor pollutant exposures among inner-city children with and without asthma. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(11), 1665–1669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domsch, K. H., Gams, W., & Anderson, T. H. (1980). Compendium of Soil Fungi. Vol. I and II. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilliam, J. S., & Vest, S. A. (1952). Penicillium infection of the urinary tract. The Journal of Urology, 65, 484–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goh, J. C. C., Juliana, J., Malina, O., Ngah, Z. U., & Norhafizalena, O. (2007). Prevalence of Penicillium specific Ig E level and allergy symptoms among office workers in a selected company in Bangi, Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine, 24(1), 37–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, B. J., Schmechel, D., & Tovey, E. R. (2005). Detection of aerosolized Alternaria alternata conidia, hyphae and fragments by using a novel-immunostaining technique. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 12(9), 1114–1116. doi:10.1128/CDLI.12.9.1114-1116.2005.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groll, A. H., & Walsh, T. J. (2001). Uncommon opportunistic fungi: New nosocomial threats. Clinical Microbiology & Infection, 7, 8–24. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2001.tb00005.x.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guarro, J., & Gene, J. (1995). Opportunistic fusarial infections in humans. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 14(9), 741–754. doi:10.1007/BF01690988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gugnani, H. C., Gupta, S., & Talwar, R. S. (1978). Role of opportunistic fungi in ocular infection in Nigeria. Mycopathologia, 65, 155–166. doi:10.1007/BF00447186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, D. H. (2003). Pathogenic fungi in humans and animals (2nd edn). Marcel Dekker, New York

  • Kwon-Chung, K. J., & Bennett, J. E. (1992). Medical Mycology. Philadelphia and London: Lea & Febiger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowry, O. H., Roshbrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., & Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, C. S., Zhang, J., Sigsgaard, T., Jantunen, M., Lioy, P. J., Samson, R., et al. (2007). Current state of the science: Health effects and indoor environmental quality. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(6), 958–964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mok, T., Koehler, A. P., Yu, M. Y., Ellis, D. H., Johnson, P. J., & Wickham, N. W. R. (1997). Fatal Penicillium citrinum pneumonia with pericarditis in a patient with acute leukemia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35(10), 2654–2656.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ortoneda, M., Guarro, J., Madrid, M. P., Caracuel, Z., Roncero, M. I. G., Mayayo, E., et al. (2004). Fusarium oxysporum as a multihost model for the genetic dissection of fungal virulence in plants and mammals. Infection and Immunity, 72(3), 1760–1766. doi:10.1128/IAI.72.3.1760-1766.2004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Portnoy, J. M., Barnes, C. S., & Kennedy, K. (2005). Sampling for indoor fungi, current reviews of allergy and clinical immunology. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 13, 189–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raper, K. B., & Fennell, D. I. (1965). The genus Aspergillus. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salo, P. M., Arbes, S. J., Sever, M., Jaramillo, R., Cohn, R. D., London, S. J., et al. (2006). Exposure to Alternaria alternata in US homes is associated with asthma symptoms. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 118(4), 892–898. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.07.037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samet, J. M., & Spengler, J. D. (2003). Indoor environments and health: Moving into the 21st century. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1489–1493. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samson, R. A., & Pitt, J. I. (2000). Integration of modern taxonomic methods for Penicillium and Aspergillus classification. Amsteldijk: Harwood Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seitz, C. S., Brocker, E. B., & Trautmann, A. (2008). A high school gym-induced disease. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42, 998–999. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.042143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, B. N., Denk, U., Poll, V., Rid, R., & Michael, B. (2008). The spectrum of fungal allergy. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 145, 58–86. doi:10.1159/000107578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vennewald, I. M., Henker, E. K., & Seebacher, C. (1999). Fungal colonization of the paranasal sinuses. Mycoses, 42, 3–36. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0507.1999.00260.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikawa, S., Tsushima, K., Koizumi, T., Kubo, K., Kumagai, T., & Yamazaki, Y. (2005). Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis induced by spores of Penicillium citrinum in a worker cultivating Enoki mushroom. Internal Medicine, 45(1646), 537–541.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

C.M. and I.K.K. are grateful to CSIR and MoEF, New Delhi, for financial support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. A. Haleem Khan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Khan, A.A.H., Karuppayil, S.M., Manoharachary, C. et al. Isolation, identification and testing for allergenicity of fungi from air-conditioned indoor environments. Aerobiologia 25, 119–123 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-009-9114-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-009-9114-x

Keywords

Navigation