Abstract
The green mussel Perna viridis has been receiving a lot of attention from workers working in the research areas of intertidal ecology, aquaculture, pollution monitoring, biofouling, zoogeography and invasion biology. P. viridis is a remarkable species in terms of its ability to reach very high biomass levels, to withstand environmental fluctuations, to concentrate a variety of organic and inorganic environmental pollutants, to colonise artificial marine habitats and to invade new geographic territories. This review collates data available on salient aspects of the distribution, biology and ecology of P. viridis. It is argued that the remarkable success of P. viridis as an invasive species basically stems from its long larval duration, fast growth rate, high fecundity, early maturity, high productivity and ability to withstand fluctuating environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, water turbidity and pollutants). Relevant aspects of the data are compared with the data available for a similar species Perna perna, which too is an invasive species, but to a more limited extent.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abelson A. (1997). Settlement of marine organisms in flow. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28:317–339
Agard J., Kishore R., Bayne B. (1992). Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758): first record of the Indo-Pacific green mussel (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the Caribbean. Carib. Mar. Stud. 3:59–60
Ahmed M. (1974). Chromosomes of two species of the marine mussel Perna (Mytilidae: Pelecypoda). Boletin del Instituto Oceanogáfico, Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela 13:17–22
Alfaro A.C., Jeffs A.G., Creese R.G. (2005). Bottom-drifting algal-mussel spat associations along a sandy coastal region in northern New-Zealand. Aquaculture 241:269–290
Appukuttan K.K., Nair T.P., Thomas K.T. (1984). Larval rearing and spat settlement of brown mussel Perna indica in the laboratory. Mar. Fish. Info. Ser. T&E Ser. 49:11–13
Barnes H. (1957). Process of restoration and synchronization in marine ecology. The spring diatom increase and the spawning of the common barnacle Balanus balanoides L. Ann. Biol. 33:67–85
Bayen S., Gong Y., Chin H.S., Lee H.K., Leong Y.E., Obbard J.P. (2004). Androgenic and estrogenic response of green mussel extracts from Singapore’s coastal environment using a human cell-based bioassay. Environ. Health Perspect. 112:1467–1471
Bayne B.L. (1976). Marine Mussels: Their Ecology and Physiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–206
Bayne B.L. (1989). Measuring the biological effects of pollution: the mussel watch approach. Water Sci. Technol. 21:1089–1100
Bayne B.L., Thompson R.J., Widdows J. (1976). Physiology. In: Bayne B.L. (eds), Marine Mussels: Their Ecology and Physiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 121–206
Bayne B.L., Worrall C.M. (1980). Growth and production of mussels Mytilus edulis from two populations. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 3:317–328
Benson A.J., Marelli D.C., Frischer M.E., Danforth J.M., Williams J.D. (2001). Establishment of the green mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus 1758), (Mollusca: Mytilidae) on the west coast of Florida. J. Shellfish Res. 20:21–29
Bidwell J.R., Cherry D.S., Farris J.L., Petrille J.C., Lyons L.A. (1999). Effects of intermittent halogenation on settlement, survival and growth of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. Hydrobiologia 394:53–62
Blackmore G., Wang W.X. (2003). Inter-population differences in Cd, Cr, Se, and Zn accumulation by the green mussel Perna viridis acclimated at different salinities. Aquat. Toxicol.62:205–218
Chatterji A., Ansari Z.A., Ingole B.S., Parulekar A.H. (1984). Growth of the green mussel, Perna viridis L., in a sea water circulating system. Aquaculture 40:47–55
Cheung S.G. (1993). Population dynamics and energy budgets of green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) in a polluted harbour. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 168:1–24
Cheung S.G., Lam S., Gao Q.F., Mak K.K., Shin P.K.S. (2004a). Induced anti-predator responses of the green mussel, Perna viridis (L.), on exposure to the predatory gastropod, Thais clavigera Küster, and the swimming crab, Thalamita danae Stimpson. Mar. Biol. 144:1432–1793
Cheung C.C., Siu W.H., Richardson B.J., De Luca-Abbott S.B., Lam P.K. (2004b). Antioxidant responses to benzo[a]pyrene and Aroclor 1254 exposure in the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis. Environ. Pollut. 128:393–403
Cheung C.C., Zheng G.J., Li A., Richardson B.J., Lam P.K.S. (2001). Relationship between tissue concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and antioxidative responses of marine mussels, Perna viridis. Aquat. Toxicol. 52:189–203
Chung K.S., Acuña A. (1981). Upper temperature tolerance limit of mussel, Perna perna. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 47:441
Coughlan J. (1969). The estimation of filtering rate from the clearance of suspensions. Mar. Biol. 2:356–358
Crosby M.P., Newell R.I.E., Langdon C.J. (1990). Bacterial mediation in the utilization of carbon and nitrogen from detrital complexes by Crassostrea virginica. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35:625–639
Damiens G., His E., Gnassia-Barelli M., Quiniou F., Roméo M. (2004). Evaluation of biomarkers in oyster larvae in natural and polluted conditions. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 138:121–128
De Vooys C.G.N. (2003). Effect of a tripeptide on the aggregational behaviour of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Biol. 142:1119–1123
Fischer E.C., Castelli V.J., Rodgers S.D., Bleile H.R. (1984). Fouling control technology. In: Costlow J.D., Tipper R.C. (eds), Marine Biodeterioration: An Interdisciplinary Study. Naval Institute Press, Anapolis, pp. 261–300
Fish C.J., Johnson M.W. (1937). The biology of the zooplankton in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine with special reference to production and distribution. J. Biol. Board. Can. 3:189–322
Godwin W. 1980. Ecology of the coastal fauna around Madras Atomic Power Plant, Kalpakkam. Ph.D. thesis, University of Madras, India, 186 pp.
Goldberg E.D. (1986). The mussel watch concept. Environ. Monit. Assess. 7:91–103
Goldberg E.D., Bertine K.K. (2000). Beyond the Mussel Watch – new directions for monitoring marine pollution. Sci. Total Environ. 247:165–174
Gorham W.T. (1988). The energetic and nutritional contribution of glucose and glycine taken up from natural sea water by adult marine mussels. Mar. Ecol. 9:1–14
Hawkins A.J.S., Smith R.F.N., Tan S.H., Yasin Z.B. (1998). Suspension feeding behaviour in tropical bivalve molluscs: Perna viridis, Crassostrea madrasensis, Saccostrea cucullata and Pinctada margaritifera. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 166:173–185
Hickman R.W. (1992). Mussel cultivation. In: Gosling E. (eds), The Mussel Mytilus: Ecology, Physiology, Genetics and Culture. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 465–511
Hicks D.W., Hawkins D.L., McMahon R.F. (2000). Salinity tolerance of brown mussel Perna perna from the Gulf of Mexico: an extension of life table analysis to estimate median survival time in the presence of regressor variables. J. Shellfish Res. 19:203–212
Hicks D.W., Tunnell J.W. (1993). Invasion of the South Texas coast by the edible brown mussel Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758). Veliger 36:92–94
Hicks D.W., Tunnell J.W. (1995). Ecological notes and patterns of dispersal in the recently introduced mussel, Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758), in the Gulf of Mexico. Amer. Malacol. Bull. 11:203–206
Hicks D.W., Tunnell J.W., McMahon R.F. (2001). Population dynamics of the nonindigenous brown mussel, Perna perna in the Gulf of Mexico compared to other world-wide populations. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 211:181–192
Hilbish T.J. (1986). Growth trajectories of shell and soft tissue in bivalves: seasonal variation in Mytilus edulis L. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 96:103–113
Holmes M.J., Ming Teo S.L., Khoo H.W. (1999). Detection of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins from tropical shellfish using liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Nat. Toxins 7:361–364
Hopkins T.L. (1977). Zooplankton distribution in surface waters of Tampa bay, Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:467–478
Huang Z.G., Lee S.Y., Mak P.M.S. (1983). The distribution and population structure of Perna viridis (Bivalvia: Mytilacea) in Hong Kong waters. In: Morton B., Dudgeon D. (eds), Malacofauna of Hong Kong and Southern China. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 465–471
Ingrao D.A., Mikkelsen P.M., Hicks D.W. (2001). Another introduced marine mollusk in the Gulf of Mexico: the Indo-Pacific green mussel, Perna viridis, in Tampa Bay, Florida. J. Shellfish Res. 20:13–19
Jenner H.A., Whitehouse J.W., Taylor C.J.L. and Khalanski M. 1998. Cooling Water Management in European Power Stations: Biology and Control. Hydroécologie Appliquée 1–2, Electricité de France, Chatou, Paris, pp. 1–225.
Jörgensen C.B. (1983). Patterns of uptake of dissolved aminoacids in mussels (Mytilus edulis). Mar. Biol. 73:177–182
Jose B., Deepthi T.R. (2005). Green mussel Perna viridis, a new host for the pea crab Pinnotheres placunae along the Malabar coast, Kerala. Curr. Sci. 89:1090–1091
Kaehler S., McQuaid C.D. (1999). Lethal and sub-lethal effects of phototrophic endoliths attacking the shell of the intertidal mussel Perna perna. Mar. Biol. 135:497–503
Kautsky N. (1982). Quantitative studies on gonad cycle, fecundity, reproductive output and recruitment in a Baltic Mytilus edulis population. Mar. Biol. 68:143–160
Kazuhiro H., Sekiguchi H. (2000). Perna mussels introduced into Ise and Mikawa Bays, Central Japan. Sessile Org. 17:1–11
Ke C., Wang W.X. (2002). Trace metal ingestion and assimilation by the green mussel Perna viridis in a phytoplankton and sediment mixture. Mar. Biol. 140:327–335
Kimmerer W.J., Gartside E., Orsi J.J. (1994). Predation by an introduced clam as the likely cause of substantial declines in zooplankton of San Francisco Bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 113:81–93
King P.A., McGrath D., Gosling E.M. (1989). Reproduction and settlement of Mytilus edulis on an exposed rocky shore in Galway bay, west coast of Ireland. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 69:355–365
Koya M.S., Mohandas A. (1982). Rare occurrence of a sexually mature adult digenetic trematode in the green mussel, Perna viridis. Linn. J. Helminth. 56:41–43
Kreeger D.A., Newell R.I.E. (1996). Ingestion and assimilation of carbon from cellulolytic bacteria and heterotrophic flagellates by the mussels Geukensia demissa and Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia, Mollusca). Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 11:205–214
Kuenzler E.J. (1961). Phosphorus budget of a mussel population. Limnol. Oceanogr. 6:400–415
Kuriakose P.S. 1980. Mussels (Mytilidae: Genus Perna) of the Indian coast. In: Coastal Aquaculture: Mussel Farming, Progress and Prospects. CMFRI Bulletin 29, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Cochin, India, pp. 1–5.
Kuriakose P.S., Nair N.B. (1976). The genus Perna along the coasts of India with description of a new species, Perna indica. Aquat. Biol. 1:25–36
Lane D.J.W., Beaumont A.R., Hunter J.R. (1985). Byssus drifting and the drifting threads of the young post-larval mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Biol. 84:301–308
Langdon C.J., Newell R.I.E. (1990). Utilization of detritus and bacteria as food sources by 2 bivalve suspension-feeders, the oyster Crassostrea virginica and the mussel Geukensia demissa. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 58:299–310
Lasiak T., Barnard T.C.E. (1995). Recruitment of the brown mussel Perna perna onto natural substrata: a refutation of the primary/secondary settlement hypothesis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 120:147–153
Lau P.S., Wong H.L. (2003). Effect of size, tissue parts and location on six biochemical markers in the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46:1563–1572
Lawrence A.J., Nicholosn B. (1998). The use of stress proteins in Mytilus edulis as indicators of chlorinated effluent pollution. Water Sci. Tech. 38:253–261
Lee S.Y. (1985). Population dynamics of the green mussel Perna viridis (L.) (Bivalvia: Mytilacea) in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong: dominance in a polluted environment. Asian Mar. Biol. 2:107–118
Lee S.Y. (1986). Growth and reproduction of the green mussel Perna viridis (L.) (Bivalvia: Mytilacea) in contrasting environments in Hong Kong. Asian Mar. Biol. 3:111–127
Lee S.Y. (1988). The reproductive cycle and sexuality of the green mussel Perna viridis (L.) (Bivalvia: Mytilacea) in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. J. Mollus. Stud. 54:317–325
Lewis B.G. 1985. Mussel control and chlorination. CERL Report No. TPRD/L/2810/R85, Central Electricity Research Laboratories, Leatherhead, Surrey.
Loo L.O., Rosenberg R. (1983). Mytilus edulis culture: growth and production in western Sweden. Aquaculture 35:137–150
Low K.L., Khoo H.W., Koh L.L. (1991). Ecology and marine fouling organisms at Eastern Johore Strait. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 19:319–333
Masilamoni J.G., Azariah J., Nandakumar K. (2001). Excretory products of green mussel Perna viridis L. and their implications on power plant operation. Turk. J. Zool. 25:117–125
Masilamoni J.G., Jesudoss K.S., Nandakumar K., Satpathy K.K., Azariah J., Nair K.V.K. (2002). Lethal and sub-lethal effects of chlorination on green mussel Perna viridis in the context of biofouling control in a power plant cooling water system. Mar. Environ. Res. 53:65–76
Monirith I., Ueno D., Takahashi S., Nakata H., Sudaryanto A., Subramanian A., Karuppiah S., Ismail A., Muchtar M., Zheng J., Richardson B.J., Prudente M., Hue N.D., Tana T.S., Tkalin A.V., Tanabe S. (2003). Asia-Pacific mussel watch: monitoring contamination of persistent organochlorine compounds in coastal waters of Asian countries. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46:281–300
Morton B. (1983). Feeding and digestion in Bivalvia. In: Saleuddin A.S.M., Wilbur K.M. (eds), The Mollusca, Vol. 5, Physiology, Part 2. Academic Press, New York, pp. 65–147
Morton B. (1987). The functional morphology of the organs of the mantle cavity of Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bivalvia: Mytilacea). Amer. Malacol. Bull. 5:159–164
Morton B. 1997. The aquatic nuisance species problem: a global perspective and review. In: D’Itri F.M. (ed.), Zebra Mussels and Aquatic Nuisance Species. Ann Arbor Press, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan, pp. 1–54.
Myint U.M., Tyler P.A. (1982). Effects of temperature, nutritive and metal stressors on the reproductive biology of Mytilus edulis. Mar. Biol. 67:209–223
Nagabhushanam R., Mane V.S. (1975). Reproduction in the mussel, Mytilus viridis at Ratnagiri. Bull. Dept. Mar. Sci., Univ. Cochin 2:377–387
Nair K.V.K., Murugan P., Eswaran M.S. (1988). Macrofoulants in Kalpakkam coastal waters, east coast of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 17:341–343
Narasimham K.A. (1980). Fishery and biology of the green mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus). In: Nayar K.N., Mahadevan S., Alagarswami K., Sundaram P.T.M. (eds), Coastal Aquaculture: Mussel Farming, Progress and Prospects. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, India, pp. 10–17
Narbonne J.F., Daubeze M., Clerandeau C., Garrigues P. (1999). Scale of classification based on biochemical markers in mussels: application to pollution monitoring in European coasts. Biomarkers 4:415–424
Neitzel D.A., Johnson K.I., Page T.L., Young J.S. and Daling P.M. 1984. Correlation of bivalve biological characteristics and service water system design. In: Bivalve fouling of nuclear power plant service water systems. Report No. NUREG/CR 4070, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, pp. 1–119.
Nicholson S. (1999). Cytological and physiological biomarker responses from green mussels, Perna viridis (L.) transplanted to contaminated sites in Hong Kong coastal waters. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 39:261–268
Nicholson S., Lam P.K.S. (2005). Pollution monitoring in Southeast Asia using biomarkers in the mytilid mussel Perna viridis (Mytilidae: Bivalvia). Environ. Int. 31:121–132
Nishida A., Ohkawa K., Ueda I., Yamamoto H. (2003). Green mussel Perna viridis L.: attachment behaviour and preparation of antifouling surfaces. Biomol. Eng. 20:381–387
Parulekar A.H., Dalal S.G., Ansari Z.A., Harkantra S.N. (1982). Environmental physiology of raft-grown mussels on Goa, India. Aquaculture 29:83–93
Polman H.J.G., Jenner H.A. (2002). Pulse-Chlorination®, the Best Available Technique in macro fouling mitigation using chlorination. Power Plant Chem. 4:93–97
Prakash N.T., Rao K.S.J. (1995). Modulations in antioxidant enzymes in different tissues of marine bivalve Perna viridis during heavy metal exposure. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 146:107–113
Qasim S.Z., Parulekar A.H., Harkantra S.N., Ansari Z.A., Nair A. (1977). Aquaculture of green mussel Mytilus viridis L. cultivation on ropes from floating rafts. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 4:189–197
Rajagopal S. 1991. Biofouling problems in the condenser cooling circuit of a coastal power station with special reference to green mussel, Perna viridis (L.). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Madras, Madras, India, pp. 1–113.
Rajagopal S. 1997. The ecology of tropical marine mussels and their control in industrial cooling water systems. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, pp. 1–184.
Rajagopal S., Azariah J., Nair K.V.K. (1994). Heat treatment as a fouling control method for Indian coastal power plants. In: Thompson M.F., Nagabhushanam R., Sarojini R., Fingerman M. (eds), Recent Advances In Biofouling Control. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, pp. 391–396
Rajagopal S., Nair K.V.K., Azariah A. (1995b). Response of brown mussel, Perna indica, to elevated temperatures in relation to power plant biofouling control. J. Therm. Biol. 20:461–467
Rajagopal S., Nair K.V.K., Azariah J., Van der Velde G., Jenner H.A. (1996a). Chlorination and mussel control in cooling conduits of a tropical coastal power station. Mar. Environ. Res. 41:201–221
Rajagopal S., Nair K.V.K., Van der Velde G., Jenner HA (1997). Seasonal settlement and succession of fouling communities in Kalpakkam, east coast of India. Neth. J. Aquat. Ecol. 30:309–325
Rajagopal S., Sasikumar N., Azariah J., Nair K.V.K. (1991a). Some observations on biofouling in the cooling water conduits of a coastal power plant. Biofouling 3:311–324
Rajagopal S., Sasikumar N., Nair K.V.K. and Azariah J. 1989. Hydrobiological features of an estuarine system in the vicinity of a power station at Kalpakkam. In: Proc. Intern. Conf. Water Decade and Beyond, Bangok, Thailand, pp. EQM 25–EQM 30.
Rajagopal S., Van der Gaag M., Van der Velde G., Jenner H.A. (2005b). Upper temperature tolerances of exotic brackish-water mussel, Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad): a laboratory study. Mar. Environ. Res. 60:512–530
Rajagopal S., Van der Velde G., Jenner H.A., Van der Gaag M., Kempers A.J. (1996b). Effects of temperature, salinity and agitation on byssus thread formation of zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. Neth. J. Aquat. Ecol. 30:187–195
Rajagopal S., Van der Velde G., Van der Gaag M., Jenner H.A. (2003c). How effective is intermittent chlorination to control adult mussel fouling in cooling water systems?. Water Res. 37:329–338
Rajagopal S., Van der Velde G., Van der Gaag M., Jenner H.A. (2005a). Factors influencing the upper temperature tolerances of three mussel species in a brackish canal: size, season and laboratory protocols. Biofouling 21:87–97
Rajagopal S., Venugopalan V.P., Azariah J., Nair K.V.K. (1995a). Response of green mussel Perna viridis (L.) to heat treatment in relation to power plant biofouling control. Biofouling 8:313–330
Rajagopal S., Venugopalan V.P., Nair K.V.K., Van der Velde G., Jenner H.A. (1998b). Settlement and growth of the green mussel Perna viridis (L.) in coastal waters: influence of water velocity. Aquat. Ecol. 32:313–322
Rajagopal S., Venugopalan V.P., Nair K.V.K., Van der Velde G., Jenner H.A., Den Hartog C. (1998a). Reproduction, growth rate and culture potential of the green mussel, Perna viridis (L.) in Edaiyur backwaters, east coast of India. Aquaculture 162:187–202
Rajagopal S., Venugopalan V.P., Van der Velde G., Jenner H.A. (2003a). Tolerance of five species of tropical marine mussels to continuous chlorination. Mar. Environ. Res. 55:277–291
Rajagopal S., Venugopalan V.P., Van der Velde G., Jenner H.A. (2003b). Response of fouling brown mussel, Perna perna (L.), to chlorine. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 44:269–276
Rajagopal S., Venugopalan V.P., Nair K.V.K., Azariah J. (1991b). Biofouling problems and its control in a tropical coastal power station – a case study. Biofouling 3:325–338
Rajesh K.V., Mohamed K.S., Kripa V. (2001). Influence of algal cell concentration, salinity and body size on the filtration and ingestion rates of cultivable Indian bivalves. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 30:87–92
Rao K.S. (1990). Biology of the green mussel, Perna viridis. In: Nair K.V.K., Venugopalan V.P. (eds) Marine Biofouling and Power Plants. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, pp. 251–262
Rao K.V., Krishnakumari L., Qasim S.Z. (1976). Aquaculture of the green mussel. Mytilus viridis: spawning, fertilization and larval development. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 6:113–116
Rao K.V., Kumari L.K., Dwevedi S.N. (1975). Biology of the green mussel, Mytilus viridis. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 4:189–197
Richard F.D., Dankers N. (1988). Uptake and release of materials by a Wadden Sea mussel bed. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 188:207–216
Rivonker C.U., Ansari Z.A., Parulekar A.H. (1993). Cultivation of green mussel, Perna viridis L., on a floating raft in an estuary along the west coast of India. Aquaculture 112:47–56
Roditi H.A., Fisher N.S., Sanudo-Wilhelmy S.A. (2000). Uptake of dissolved organic carbon and trace elements by zebra mussels. Nature 407:78–80
Romero S.M.B. and Moreira G.S. 1980. The combined effects of salinity and temperature on the survival of embryos and veliger larvae of Perna perna (Linné, 1758) (Mollusca – Bivalvia). Boletim de Fisiologia Animal, Universidade de Sao Paulo 5: 45–58.
Rylander K., Perez J., Gomez J.A. (1996). Status of the green mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca: Mytilidae), in North-eastern Venezuela. Caribb. Mar. Stud. 5:86–87
Salkeld P.N. (1995). Aspects of reproduction associated with the use of a segmented regression to describe the relationship between body weight and shell length of Mytilus edulis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 124:117–128
Salomão L.C., Magalhães A.R.M. and Lunetta J.E. 1980. Survival of Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in different salinities. Boletim de Fisiologia Animal, Universidade de Sao Paulo 4: 143–152.
Sastry A.N. (1979). Pelecypoda (excluding Ostreidae). In: Giese A.C., Pearse J.S. (eds), Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates: Molluscs – Pelecypods and Lesser Classes. Volume 5, Academic Press, New York, pp. 113–192
Schram J.A. (1970). Studies on the meroplankton in the inner Oslofjord. II. Seasonal differences and seasonal changes in the specific distribution of larvae. Nytt. Mag. Zool. 18:1–21
Seed R. (1969). The ecology of Mytilus edulis (Lamellibranchiata) on exposed rocky shores. 1. Breeding and settlement. Oecologia 3:227–316
Seed R. (1976). Ecology. In: Bayne B.L. (eds), Marine Mussels: Their Ecology and Physiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 13–65
Seed R., Suchanek T.H. (1992). Population and community ecology of Mytilus. In: Gosling E. (eds), The Mussel Mytilus: Ecology, Physiology, Genetics and Culture. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 87–169
Segnini de Bravo M.I. (2003). Influence of salinity on the physiological conditions in mussels, Perna perna and Perna viridis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Rev. Biol. Trop. 51:153–158
Segnini de Bravo M.I., Chung K.S., Pérez J.E. (1998). Salinity and temperature tolerances of the green and brown mussels, Perna viridis and Perna perna (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Rev. Biol. Trop. 5:121–125
Selvaraj V. 1984. Community structure in the coastal ecosystem with special reference to the green mussel, Perna viridis (L). Thesis, University of Madras, India, 176 pp.
Shafee M.S. (1989). Reproduction of Perna picta (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 53:235–245
Sherr E.B., Sherr B.F., Fallon R.D., Newell S.Y. (1986). Small, aloricate ciliates as a major component of the marine heterotrophic nanoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 31:177–183
Shin P.K., Yau F.N., Chow S.H., Tai K.K., Cheung S.G. (2002). Response of the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (L.) to suspended solids. Mar. Poll. Bull. 45:157–162
Siddall S.E. (1980). A clarification of the genus Perna (Mytilidae). Bull. Mar. Sci. 30:858–870
Siu W.H.L., Mak E., Cao J., De Luca-Abbott S., Richardson B.J., Lam P.K.S. (2004). Micronucleus induction in gill cells of green-lipped mussels Perna viridis exposed to mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated pesticides. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23:1317–1325
Sivalingam P.M. (1977). Aquaculture of the green mussel, Mytilus viridis Linnaeus, in Malaysia. Aquaculture 11:297–312
Sreenivasan P.V., Rao K.S., Poovannan P., Thanagavelu R. (1988). Growth of larvae and spat of the green mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) in hatchery. Mar. Fish. Inf. Serv., Tech. Ext. Ser. 79:23–26
Stephen D., Shetty H.P.C. (1981). Induction of spawning in four species of Bivalves of the Indian Coastal Waters. Aquaculture 25:153–159
Sudaryanto A., Takahashi S., Monirith I., Ismail A., Muchtar M., Zheng J., Richardson B.J., Subramanian A., Prudente M., Hue N.D., Tanabe S. (2002). Asia-Pacific mussel watch: monitoring of butyltin contamination in coastal waters of Asian developing countries. Environ Toxicol Chem. 21:2119–2130
Sukasem P., Tabucanon M.S. (1993). Monitoring heavy metals in the Gulf of Thailand using mussel watch approach. Sci. Total Environ. 139–140:297–305
Tampa Bay Estuarary Program 2000. Green mussel thriving in Tampa Bay. Potential impacts, solutions discussed at workshop. Tampa Bay Guardian. Winter 2000: 1–3.
Tan W.H. (1975). Egg and larval development in the green mussel, Mytilus viridis Linnaeus. Veliger 18:151–155
Tomalin B.J. (1995). Growth and mortality rates of brown mussels Perna perna (Linnaeus) in Kwazulu-Natal: a comparison between sites and methods using non-parametric length-based analysis. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 16:241–254
Vakily J.M. (1989). The biology and culture of mussels of the Genus Perna. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines, pp. 1–63
Vanderploeg H.A., Liebig J.R., Carmichael W.W., Agy M.A., Johengen T.H., Fahnenstiel G.L., Nalepa T.F. (2001). Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) selective filtration promoted toxic Microcystis blooms in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and Lake Erie. Can J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58:1208–1221
Van der Velde G., Hermus K., Van der Gaag M., Jenner H.A. (1992). Cadmium, Zinc and Copper in the body, byssus and shell of the mussels Mytilopsis leucophaeta and Dreissena polymorpha in the brackish Noordzeekanaal of the Netherlands. In: Neumann D., Jenner H.A. (eds), The Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 213–226
Venugopalan V.P., Rajagopal S., Sasikumar N., Nair K.V.K. (1991). Marine biology of a seawater tunnel on the east coast of India. In: Desai B.N. (eds), Oceanography of the Indian Ocean. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltf., New Delhi, pp. 253–259
Waite J.H., Qin X.X., Coyne K.J. (1998). The peculiar collagens of mussel byssus. Matrix Biol. 17:93–106
Walter C. (1982). Reproduction and growth in the tropical mussel, Perna viridis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae), Kalikasan. Philipp. J. Biol. 11:83–97
Warner S.C., Waite J.H. (1999). Expression of multiple forms of an adhesive plaque protein in an individual mussel, Mytilus edulis. Mar. Biol. 134:729–734
Widdows J. (1991). Physiological ecology of mussel larvae. Aquaculture 94:147–163
Wildish D., Kristmanson D. (1997). Benthic Suspension Feeders and Flow. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 409
Wong W.H., Cheung S.G. (2001). Feeding rhythms of the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) during spring and neap tidal cycles. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 257:13–36
Wong W.H., Jeffrey S., Levinton B.S., Twining N.S., Fisher B.P., Kelaher A.K.A. 2003. Assimilation of carbon from a rotifer by the mussels Mytilus edulis and Perna viridis: a potential food-web link. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 253: 175–182
Yap C.K., Ismail A., Tan S.G. (2003). Can the byssus of green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia be a biomonitoring organ for Cd, Pb and Zn? Field and laboratory studies. Environ. Int. 29:521–528
Yen I.C., De Astudillo L.R., Soler J.F., La Barbera-Sanchez A. (2004). Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in green mussels (Perna viridis) from the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad. Toxicon 44:743–748
Yoshiyasu H., Ueda I., Kiyoshi A. (2004). Annual reproductive cycle of the green mussel Perna viridis (L.) at Enoshima Island, Sagami Bay, Japan. Sessile Organisms 21:19–26
Young G.A. (1985). Byssus thread formation by the mussel Mytilus edulis: effects of environmental factors. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24:261–271
Acknowledgements
We thank J. Goud, Naturalis Museum, Leiden for kindly providing excellent photographs of various species of Perna. This is publication number 395 of the Centre of Wetland Ecology.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rajagopal, S., Venugopalan, V., van der Velde, G. et al. Greening of the coasts: a review of the Perna viridis success story. Aquat Ecol 40, 273–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-006-9032-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-006-9032-8