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Formulation and characterization of lignin modified chitosan beads

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Abstract

A simple manual flow injection method was used to formulate chitosan-lignin composite beads in a ratio of 1:1. The beads were then characterized using FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis), and XRD (X-ray Diffraction). The FT-IR results indicate the chemical composition, revealing the presence of C-O, NH, C-H, and OH on chitosan, as well as OH, C-O-C, C = C, -O-CH3, and C-H, showing the presence and dispersion of lignin within chitosan molecules. SEM was useful for looking at the surface shape and showed structural differences between pure chitosan (which had a smooth surface with few holes) and composite beads (which had sharp edges and a rough, wrinkled shape). The TGA sheds light on the thermal stability and degradation properties of the beads. The thermograms show a similar pattern; however, the degradation temperature improved with the addition of lignin. An XRD investigation revealed the crystalline nature of the beads. Chitosan beads showed a sharp peak at 2θ = 21.8°, whereas in composites, the first peak was observed at 2θ = 9.9° second at 2θ = 20.130° and the third at 2θ = 28°. These findings allowed for the possibility that chitosan/lignin composite beads may be a good adsorbent for use in wastewater treatment systems.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the support of School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India

    Taiba Bashir & Joydeep Dutta

  2. Hydrobiology Research Lab, S.P. College, Cluster University, Srinagar, Kashmir, India

    Shaista Masarat

  3. Hephaestus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala, GR-654 04, Greece

    George Z. Kyzas

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  1. Taiba Bashir
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The authors indicated in parentheses made substantial contributions to the following tasks of research: conceptualization (Joydeep Dutta, Taiba Binte Bashir, George Z Kyzas), writing — original draft, writing — revised, investigation, methodology (Joydeep Dutta, Taiba Binte Bashir), supervision (Joydeep Dutta), Review and Analysis (George Z Kyzas). All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Joydeep Dutta reports a relationship with Lovely Professional University Department of Bioengineering and Biosciences that includes: employment. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Bashir, T., Dutta, J., Masarat, S. et al. Formulation and characterization of lignin modified chitosan beads. Adsorption (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-024-00478-3

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