Abstract
Motivational studies have helped to understand human psychology as well as to better comprehend people’s learning, achievement, thinking, and comprehension skills. The current study aimed to adapt the Contextual Achievement Motivation Measure (CAMM) developed in English to the Turkish language. The Contextual Achievement Motivation Measure, unlike other achievement motivation scales in literature, measures achievement motivation in school, workplace, community, and family contexts. Since no scale measures contextual achievement motivation in Turkish literature, the current study is important. Three hundred thirty-six first-year college students participated in the study. According to the CFA analysis, the Turkish form of CAMM has preserved its original structure consisting of 21 items and 4 factors (school, workplace, family, community). The error covariance between items 5 and 11, and 3 and 9 were correlated to improve the model. The reliability coefficient for the overall subscale score was .88 based on Cronbach’s alpha reliability analysis. Measurement invariance analysis indicated that the scale scores were partially invariant for male and female participants. The current study will not only contribute to the studies in the field of achievement motivation in Turkiye but will also help to understand international motivation studies culturally, linguistically, and geographically in the fields of counselling, education, and psychology.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to their containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
References
Alschuler, A. S. (1971). Teaching achievement motivation: Theory and practice in psychological education. Education Ventures, Inc.
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council of Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. American Educational Research Association.
Atkinson, J. W. (1957). Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychologica Review, 64, 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043445
Atkinson, J. W. (1974). Motivational determinants of intellective performance and cumulative achievement. In J. W. Atkinson & J. O. Raynor (Eds.), Motivation and achievement (pp. 389-410). Winston & Sons.
Bahçetepe, Ü., & Giorgetti, F. M. (2015). The relationship between academic achievement and school climate. Istanbul Journal of Innovation in Education, 1(3), 83–101.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman and Company.
Batyra, A. (2017). Gender gaps in student achievement in Turkey: Evidence from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015. Aydin Dogan Foundation and Education Reform Initiative. https://www.aydindoganvakfi.org.tr/media/byseyyfb/pisa_tr.pdf
Bayramdurdyyeva, G. (2019). Factors affecting the success of international students. International Journal of Humanities and Education (IJHE), 5(11), 509–524.
Byrne, Z. S., Cardador, J. M., Fox, S., Frintrup, A., Mueller-Hanson, R. A., Schuler, H., & Thornton, G. C. (2004). Measuring achievement motivation: Tests of equivalency for English, German, and Israeli versions of the Achievement Motivation Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.012
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS (2nd ed.). Routlage.
Cheung, G., & Rensvold, R. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem0902_5
Cox, R. H. (1998). Sport psychology: Concept and applications (4th edition). McGraw-Hill
De Castella, K., Byrne, D., & Covington, M. (2013). Unmotivated or motivated to fail? A cross-cultural study of achievement motivation, fear of failure, and student disengagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 861–880. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032464
Denzine, G., & Brown, R. (2015). Motivation to learn and achievement. In R. Papa (Ed.), Media Rich Instruction (pp. 19–33). Springer.
Diclemente, C. & Velasquez, M. (2002). Motivational Interviewing and the stages of change. In S. Rollnick & W.R. Miller (Eds.), Motivational interviewing, (pp. 201–216). Guilford Press
Dimitrov, D. M. (2010). Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43, 121–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175610373459
Dimitrov, D. M. (2012). Statistical methods for validation of assessment scale data in counseling and related fields. Wiley.
Dogan, T. (2012). A long-term study of the counseling needs of Turkish university students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90(1), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00012.x
Ergene, T. (2011). The relationships among test anxiety study habits achievement motivation and academic performance among Turkish secondary school students. Education and Science, 36(160), 320–330.
Freund, P. A., Kuhn, T. K., & Holling, H. (2011). Measuring current achievement motivation with the QCM: Short form development and investigation of measurement invariance. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.033
Gbollie, C., & Keamu, H. P. (2017). Student academic performance: The role of motivation, strategies, and perceived factors hindering Liberian junior and senior high school students learning. Educational Research International, 2017, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1789084
Hermans, H. J. M. (1970). A questionnaire measure of achievement motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54, 35–363. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029675
Hirschi, A. (2009). Career adaptability development in adolescence: Multiple predictors and effect on sense of power and life satisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior 74(2) 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.01.002
IBM Corp. (2013). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, Version 22.0. IBM Corp. NY
Jöreskog, K. G. (1971). Simultaneous factor analysis in several populations. Psychometrika, 36, 409–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291366
Karaman, M. A., & Smith, R. (2019). Turkish adaptation of achievement motivation measure. International Journal of Progressive Education, 15(5), 185–197. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2019.212.13
Karaman, M. A., & Watson, J. C. (2017). Examining associations among achievement motivation, locus of control, academic stress, and life satisfaction: A comparison of US and international undergraduate students. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 106–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.006
Karaman, M. A., Smith, R., Rasheed, A., Akkurt, M. N., Adame, L., & Karadaş, C. (2017). Achievement motivation in the cultural context [Paper presentation]. International Society for the Study of Individual Differences Conference 2017, Warsaw, Poland
Komarraju, M., Musulkin, S., & Bhattacharya, G. (2010). Role of student–faculty interactions in developing college students' academic self-concept, motivation, and achievement. Journal of College Student Development, 51(3), 332–342. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0137
Kuśnierz, C., Rogowska, A. M., & Pavlova, I. (2020). Examining gender differences, personality traits, academic performance, and motivation in Ukrainian and Polish students of physical education: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165729
Lapan, R. T. (2012). Comprehensive school counseling programs: In Some schools for some students but not in all schools for all students. Professional School Counseling, 16(2), 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156759X1201600201
Lang, J. W. B., & Fries, S. (2006). A revised 10-item version of the Achievement Motives Scale: Psychometric properties in German-speaking samples. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22, 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.3.216
Lawrence, A. P. (1996). The Science of personality. John Willey & Sons
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2002). Social cognitive career theory and adult career development. In S. G. Niles (Ed.), Adult career development: Concepts, issues and practices (pp. 76–97). National Career Development Association
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2006). On conceptualizing and assessing social cognitive constructs in career research: A measurement guide. Journal of Career Assessment, 14(1), 12–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072705281364
Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (2019). Statistical analysis with missing data (3rd ed.). Wiley
Man, F., Nygard, R., & Gjesme, T. (1994). The Achievement Motives Scale (AMS): Theoretical basis and results from a first try-out of a Czech form. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 38, 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031383940380304
Mandel, H. P., Friedland, J. G., & Marcus, S. I. (1996). Achievement motivation profile. Western Psychological Services
Mandel, H. P., & Marcus, S. I. (1988). The psychology of underachievement. Wiley & Sons.
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in over-generalizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 11, 320–341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
McClelland, D. C. (1965). Toward a theory of motive acquisition. American Psychologist, 20, 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022225
McClelland, D. C., Clark, R. A., Roby, T. B., & Atkinson, J. W. (1948). The projective expression of needs. IV. The effect of the need for achievement on thematic apperception. JOurnal of Experimental Psychology, 39, 242–255. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0062969
McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The achievement motive. Appleton Century‐Crofts.
McClelland, D. C. (1951). Personality. Dryden Press
McClelland, D. C. (1961). The achieving society. Free Press
Munro, D. (1997). Levels and process in motivation and culture. In D. Munro, J. E. Schumaker, & S. C. Carr (Eds.), Motivation and culture (pp. 3–15). Routledge.
Murray, H. A. (1943). Thematic apperception test. Harvard University Press.
Rheinberg, F., Vollmeyer, R., & Burns, B. D. (2001). FAM: Ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung aktueller motivation in Lernund Leistungssituationen. Diagnostica, 47(2), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1026//0012-1924.47.2.57
Rodriguez, N., Flores, T., Flores, R., Myers, H., & Vriesema, C. (2015). Validation of the multidimensional acculturative stress inventory on adolescents of Mexican origin. Psychological Assessment, 27, 1438–1451. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000125
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
Sakiz, H. (2017). Impact of an inclusive programme on achievement, attendance and perceptions towards the school climate and social-emotional adaptation among students with disabilities. Educational Psychology, 37(5), 611–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2016.1225001
Sarıer, Y. (2015). Factors affecting the academic achievement of students in Turkey: A meta-analysis study. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 31(3), 609–627.
Sarıtepeci, M. (2018). Adaptation study of the achievement motivation scale based on value- expectancy theory. International Journal of Education Science and Technology, 4(1), 28–40.
Schuler, H., & Prochaska, M. (2000). Entwicklung und Konstruktvalidierung eines berufsbezogenen Leistungsmotivationstests. Diagnostica, 46(2), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1026//0012-1924.46.2.61
Semerci, Ç. (2010). Developing a scale of achievement-focused motivation. e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 5(4), 2123–2133.
Smith, R., & Karaman, M. A. (2019). Development and validation of the contextual achievement motivation measure. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 6(3), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2019.03.003
Smith, R. L., Karaman, M. A., Balkin, R. S., & Talwar, S. (2020). Psychometric properties and factor analyses of the achievement motivation measure. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 48(3), 418–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2019.1620173
Smith, R. L. (1972). Rate your achievement motivation. Impact, 1(4), 11–14
Smith, R. L. (2011). Achievement motivation training: An evidence‐based approach to enhancing performance. http://counselingoutfitters.com/vistas/vistas11/Article_56.pdf
Smith, R. L. (2015). A contextual measure of achievement motivation: Significance for research in counseling. https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/vistas/a-contextual-measure-of-achievement-motivation-significance-for-research-in-counseling.pdf?sfvrsn=4
Stevens, J. P. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (5th ed.). Routledge
Sulik, M. J., Huerta, S., Zerr, A. A., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C.,… Taylor, H. B. (2010). The factor structure of effortful control and measurement invariance across ethnicity and sex in a high-risk sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 8-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9164-y
Suphi, N., & Yaratan, H. (2012). Effects of learning approaches, locus of control, socio-economic status and self-efficacy on academic achievement: A Turkish perspective. Educational Studies, 38(4), 419–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2011.6431071
Turan, A., & Akın, Y. (2019). Analysis of the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and organizational factors affecting academic achievement by non-linear canonical correlation analysis: Trakya University vocational school students’ sample. Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(4), 146–163.
West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation modeling with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Sage.
Wigfield, A., Byrnes, J. P., & Eccles, J. S. (2006). Development during early and middle adolescence. In P. A. Alexander & P. H. Winne (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology (pp. 87–113). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
This study has been approved by the American University of the Middle East Liberal Arts Department Research Office. Consent forms were delivered participants and those who agreed to attend the study were included.
Competing Interests
The first author of the study is the editorial board member of the journal. Therefore, he was excluded from the peer review process. In addition, he excluded himself from handling the manuscript. Another Associate Editor was assigned to assume responsibility for overseeing peer review. The submission was subject to the exact same review process as any other manuscript. The submission was not given any priority over other manuscripts, and Editorial Board Member status has no bearing on editorial consideration.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Karaman, M.A., Burak, D. & Akkurt, M.N. Turkish Adaptation of Contextual Achievement Motivation Measure. Int J Adv Counselling 45, 745–761 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-023-09519-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-023-09519-y