Abstract
This qualitative study investigated three novice counselors’ experiences and characterizations of therapeutic relationships. Thematic analyses of interviews and diaries revealed six common themes: (a) the centrality of supervision and training experiences to navigating interpersonal experiences with clients; (b) anxiety about counselors’ roles in therapeutic relationships; (c) the perception of the therapeutic relationship as less directive than outside (lay) helping relationships; (d) experimentation with different interpersonal styles; (e) awareness of countertransference; and, (f) impact of therapeutic relationships on outside relationships. Findings expand upon the therapeutic relationship as a focal point for the training and supervision of novice counselors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bachelor, A., & Horvath, A. (1999). The therapeutic relationship. In M. A. Hubble, B. L. Duncan, & S. D. Miller (Eds.), The heart and soul of change: What works in therapy (pp. 133–178). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Bang, K., & Park, J. (2009). Korean supervisors’ experience in clinical supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 37, 1042–1075.
Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: study design and implementation for novice researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13, 544–559.
Bernard, J. M., & Goodyear, R. K. (2009). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Ellis, M. V. (1991). Critical incidents in clinical supervision and in supervisor supervision: assessing supervisory issues. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 342–349.
Furr, S. R., & Carroll, J. J. (2003). Critical incidents in student counselor development. Journal of Counseling & Development, 81, 483–489.
Gao, X., Jackson, T., Chen, H., Liu, Y., Wang, R., Qian, M., et al. (2010). There is a long way to go: a nationwide survey of professional training for mental health practitioners in china. Health Policy, 95(1), 74–81. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.11.004.
Gazzola, N., & Theriault, A. (2007). Super- (and not-so-super-) vision of counsellors-in-training: supervisee perspectives on broadening and narrowing processes. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 35(2), 189–204. doi:10.1080/03069880701256601.
Gelso, C. J., & Samstag, L. W. (2008). A tripartite model of the therapeutic relationship. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (4th ed., pp. 267–283). New York City: Wiley.
Gelso, C. J., Latts, M. G., Gomez, M. J., & Fassinger, R. E. (2002). Countertransference management and therapy outcome: an initial evaluation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 861–867.
Glesne, C. (2006). Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction (3rd ed.). New York: Pearson.
Goldfried, M. R. (2001). Conclusion: A perspective on how therapists change. In M. R. Goldfried (Ed.), How therapists change: Personal and professional reflections (pp. 315–330). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Hanley, T. (2009). The working alliance in online therapy with young people: preliminary findings. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 37(3), 257–269. doi:10.1080/03069880902956991.
Hayes, J. A., Gelso, C. J., Van Wagoner, S. L., & Deimer, R. A. (1991). Managing countertransference: what the experts think. Psychological Reports, 69, 139–148.
Hill, C. E. (2004). Helping skills: Facilitating exploration, insight, and action (2nd ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Hill, C. E., Sullivan, C., Knox, S., & Schlosser, L. Z. (2007). Becoming psychotherapists: experiences of novice trainees in a beginning graduate class. Psychotherapy Theory: Research, Practice, Training, 44, 434–449.
Howard, E. E., Inman, A. G., & Altman, A. N. (2006). Critical incidents among novice counselor trainees. Counselor Education and Supervision, 46, 88–102.
Hoyt, W. T., & Bhati, K. S. (2007). Principles and practices: an empirical examination of qualitative research in the. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 201–210.
Kagan, H. K., & Kagan, N. I. (1997). Interpersonal process recall: Influencing human interaction. In C. E. Watkins Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (pp. 296–309). New York: Wiley.
Leong, F. T. L., & Ponterotto, J. G. (2003). A proposal for internationalizing counseling psychology in the United States: rationale, recommendations and challenges. The Counseling Psychologist, 31(4), 381–395. doi:10.1177/0011000003031004001.
Loganbill, C., Hardy, E., & Delworth, U. (1982). Supervision: a conceptual model. The Counseling Psychologist, 10, 3–42.
Mak, W. W. S., Chen, S. X., Lam, A. G., & Yiu, V. F. L. (2009). Understanding distress: the role of face concern among Chinese Americans, European Americans, Hong Kong Chinese, and mainland Chinese. The Counseling Psychologist, 37, 219–248. doi:10.1177/0011000008316378.
Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P., & Davis, K. M. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 438–450.
Morrow, S. L. (2007). Qualitative research in counseling psychology: conceptual foundations. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 209–235.
Morrow, S. L., & Smith, M. L. (2000). Qualitative research for counseling psychology. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (3rd ed., pp. 199–230). New York City: Wiley.
Orlinsky, D. E., Botermans, J., Rønnestad, M. H., & The SPR Collaborative Research Network. (2001). Towards an empirically-grounded model of psychotherapy training: four thousand therapists rate influences on their development. Australian Psychologist, 36, 139–148.
Rønnestad, M. H., & Skovholt, T. M. (2003). The journey of the counselor and therapist: research findings and perspectives on professional development. Journal of Career Development, 30, 5–44.
Skovholt, T. M., & Rønnestad, M. H. (1992). The evolving professional self: Stages and themes in therapist and counselor development. New York: Wiley.
Skovholt, T. M., & Rønnestad, M. H. (2003). Struggles of the novice counselor and therapist. Journal of Career Development, 30, 45–58.
Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 443–466). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Stoltenberg, C. D., McNeill, B. W., & Delworth, U. (1998). IDM: An integrated developmental model for supervising counselors and therapists. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Teyber, E. (2006). Interpersonal process in therapy: An integrative model (5th ed.). Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Tsui, P., & Schultz, G. L. (1985). Failure of rapport: why psychotherapeutic engagement fails in the treatment of Asian clients. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55(4), 561–569.
Williams, E. N., Judge, A., Hill, C. E., & Hoffman, M. A. (1997). Experiences of novice therapists in pre-practicum: trainees’, clients’ and supervisors’ perceptions of therapists’ personal reactions and management strategies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 390–399.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schwing, A.E., LaFollette, J.R., Steinfeldt, J.A. et al. Novice Counselors’ Conceptualizations and Experiences of Therapeutic Relationships. Int J Adv Counselling 33, 51–63 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-010-9112-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-010-9112-2