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Finite Element Analysis of Low-Speed Oblique Impact Behavior of Adhesively Bonded Composite Single-Lap Joints

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Abstract

The development of a realistic numerical model that predicts the impact behavior of adhesively bonded composite joints is important for many industrial sectors such as automotive, aerospace, and marine. In this study, it was aimed to develop a numerical model that can predict the low-velocity oblique impact behavior of composite single-lap joints close to the experimental results. The validation of the proposed numerical model was carried out with the results of the previously experimentally tested joints. In explicit finite element analysis, the orthotropic material model and Hashin’s damage criterion were used in the numerical model of composite adherends. The adhesive region was divided into three different regions. The cohesive zone model (CZM) was used to determine the damage initiation and propagation in the upper and lower interface regions of adhesive. The middle region of the adhesive between the two cohesive interfaces was modeled with an elastic–plastic material model to reflect the plastic material behavior of the adhesive in the analysis. The effects of impact angle, fiber orientation, and overlap length on adhesive damage initiation and propagation were investigated in detail. There is a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results, considering the contact force-time variations and composite and adhesive damage. The impact angle and fiber angle had a significant effect on the impact behavior of the composite joints and the adhesive damage initiation and propagation. The increase in impact angle and fiber angle caused a decrease in the maximum contact force value. Adhesive damage propagation patterns varied according to the composite fiber orientation. In addition, since the shear toughness of the adhesive is higher than its tensile toughness, the amount of adhesive damage and damage propagation rate decreased as the impact angle increased.

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Data Availability

According to the protocol (FDK-2017-7318) signed among Authors and Presidency of Erciyes University, the full or partial use of all numerical analysis results in this study is subject to permission from Presidency of Erciyes University. Authors hold this permission to publish the journal article.

Abbreviations

LEFM :

Linear elastic fracture mechanics

MMF :

Mixed-mode flexure

CZM :

Cohesive zone model

SDEG :

Scalar stiffness degradation variable

DAMAGEFT :

Fiber tensile damage variable

DAMAGEFC :

Fiber compressive damage variable

DAMAGEMT :

Matrix tensile damage variable

DAMAGEMC :

Matrix compressive damage variable

DAMAGESHR :

Matrix shear damage variable

E :

Modulus of elasticity

G :

Shear modulus

\(\upsilon\) :

Poisson’s ratio

\(X^T\) :

Longitudinal tensile strength

\(X^C\) :

Longitudinal compressive strength

\(Y^T\) :

Transverse tensile strength

\(Y^C\) :

Transverse compressive strength

\(S^L\) :

Longitudinal shear strength

\(S^T\) :

Transverse shear strength

\(G_{ft}^c\) :

Fiber tensile fracture energy

\(G_{fc}^c\) :

Fiber compressive fracture energy

\(G_{mt}^c\) :

Matrix tensile fracture energy

\(G_{mc}^c\) :

Matrix compressive fracture energy

\(t_{n}\) :

Cohesive traction in tension

\(t_{s,t}\) :

Cohesive tractions in shear

\(\delta _{n}\) :

Cohesive separation in tension

\(\delta _{s,t}\) :

Cohesive separations in shear

D :

Damage parameter

\(\alpha\) :

Non-dimensional damage parameter

\(\delta _m^o\) :

Effective interfacial separation at failure initiation

\(\delta _m^f\) :

Effective interfacial separation at failure

\(\delta _m^{max}\) :

Effective interfacial separation at complete failure

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Funding

The research in this paper was financially supported by the Scientific Research Project Division of Erciyes University under contract FDK-2017-7318.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey

    M. Gokhan Atahan

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38030, Turkey

    M. Kemal Apalak

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  1. M. Gokhan Atahan
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Correspondence to M. Gokhan Atahan.

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Atahan, M.G., Apalak, M.K. Finite Element Analysis of Low-Speed Oblique Impact Behavior of Adhesively Bonded Composite Single-Lap Joints. Appl Compos Mater 30, 955–985 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-023-10119-7

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