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An Experimental Characterisation on Rectangular Z-Pinned Parameters in the Dynamic Modal Responses of Reinforced Composites

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Abstract

A great deal of research has been carried out and demonstrates that through-thickness reinforcement in the form of z-pins can greatly improve the mechanical properties of carbon fiber composite laminates. The modal responses of composite laminates reinforced through the thickness with rectangular z-pin sizes and area density insertion design variables generated from the Design of Experiments (DOE) are studied with free and forced vibration tests being carried out. Although many studies have reported the use of experimental, statistical, numerical, and computational tools applied to composite structures, to date, very few have focused on the application of analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyze the experimental data and artificial neural networks (ANN) as a technique to predict the modal responses of z-pinned composites. The experimental results indicated that, in most cases, there was an increase in the natural frequency, which highlighted the reduction, from approximately 60% to 70%, in the amplitude of vibration for all specimens with z-pin reinforcement in comparison to the unpinned. Furthermore, the experimental data compared with the statistical results pointed out that z-pins had a positive influence on increasing and decreasing natural frequency and forced vibration amplitude, respectively, of z-pinned composites compared to reinforced and trained ANNs, and the experimental data presented very good agreement with the experimental tests carried out in this investigation for predicting modal response.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

DOE:

Design of experiments

RSM:

Response surface methodology

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

FRF:

Frequency response function

FFT:

Fast Fourier transform

CCD:

Central composite design

ANN:

Artificial neural network

CFRP:

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer

UD:

Uni directional

CAI:

Compression after impact

QI:

Quasi-isotropic

CNT:

Carbon nanotubes

CNC:

Computer Numerical Control

MWCNT:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

VARTM:

Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding

2D:

Two dimensional

3D:

Three dimensional

R 2 adj :

Adjusted coefficient of determination

y :

Response variable

β :

Model constant

k :

Number of design parameters

x 1 :

Factor

x 2 :

Factor

e :

Random error term

ξ :

Damping ratio

η :

Loss factor or loss coefficient

ΔE :

Energy lost per radian

U max :

Potential energy at maximum displacement

ω r :

Resonance frequencies

a i :

Vibration amplitude

b i :

Vibration amplitude

ω di :

Damped natural frequency

x p :

Pin size

x d :

Pin area density

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Funding

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Brazilian agency CAPES (Coordenacão de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), and FAPEMIG (Fundacão de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais-APQ-00385-18).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physics and Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil

    Daniel Brighenti Bortoluzzi

  2. Mechanical Engineering Institute, Federal University of Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil

    Camila Aparecida Diniz, Ronny Francis Ribeiro Junior, Matheus Brendon Francisco, Antonio Carlos Ancelotti Junior & Guilherme Ferreira Gomes

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  1. Daniel Brighenti Bortoluzzi
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  2. Camila Aparecida Diniz
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Correspondence to Guilherme Ferreira Gomes.

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Bortoluzzi, D.B., Diniz, C.A., Ribeiro Junior, R.F. et al. An Experimental Characterisation on Rectangular Z-Pinned Parameters in the Dynamic Modal Responses of Reinforced Composites. Appl Compos Mater 30, 579–605 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-023-10102-2

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