Abstract
We have recently developed a bioreactor that can apply both shear and compressive forces to engineered tissues in dynamic culture. In our system, alginate hydrogel beads with encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured under different dynamic conditions while subjected to periodic, compressive force. A customized pressure sensor was developed to track the pressure fluctuations when shear forces and compressive forces were applied. Compared to static culture, dynamic culture can maintain a higher cell population throughout the study. With the application of only shear stress, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed that hMSCs experienced less chondrogenic differentiation than the static group. The second study showed that chondrogenic differentiation was enhanced by additional mechanical compression. After 14 days, alcian blue staining showed more extracellular matrix formed in the compression group. The upregulation of the positive chondrogenic markers such as Sox 9, aggrecan, and type II collagen were demonstrated by qPCR. Our bioreactor provides a novel approach to apply mechanical forces to engineered cartilage. Results suggest that a combination of dynamic culture with proper mechanical stimulation may promote efficient progenitor cell expansion in vitro, thereby allowing the culture of clinically relevant articular chondrocytes for the treatment of articular cartilage defects.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adesida, A. B., A. Mulet-Sierra, and N. M. Jomha. Hypoxia mediated isolation and expansion enhances the chondrogenic capacity of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 3:9, 2012.
Angele, P., D. Schumann, M. Angele, B. Kinner, C. Englert, R. Hente, B. Fuchtmeier, M. Nerlich, C. Neumann, and R. Kujat. Cyclic, mechanical compression enhances chondrogenesis of mesenchymal progenitor cells in tissue engineering scaffolds. Biorheology 41:335–346, 2004.
Angele, P., J. U. Yoo, C. Smith, J. Mansour, K. J. Jepsen, M. Nerlich, and B. Johnstone. Cyclic hydrostatic pressure enhances the chondrogenic phenotype of human mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiated in vitro. J. Orthop. Res. 21:451–457, 2003.
Bae, H., and M. Yu. Miniature Fabry-Perot pressure sensor created by using UV-molding process with an optical fiber based mold. Opt. Express 20:14573–14583, 2012.
Chen, X., H. Xu, C. Wan, M. McCaigue, and G. Li. Bioreactor expansion of human adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 24:2052–2059, 2006.
Felson, D. T., R. C. Lawrence, P. A. Dieppe, R. Hirsch, C. G. Helmick, J. M. Jordan, R. S. Kington, N. E. Lane, M. C. Nevitt, Y. Q. Zhang, M. Sowers, T. McAlindon, T. D. Spector, A. R. Poole, S. Z. Yanovski, G. Ateshian, L. Sharma, J. A. Buckwalter, K. D. Brandt, and J. F. Fries. Osteoarthritis: new insights. Part 1: The disease and its risk factors. Ann. Intern. Med. 133:635–646, 2000.
Gruber, H. E., and E. N. Hanley, Jr. Human disc cells in monolayer vs 3D culture: cell shape, division and matrix formation. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 1:1, 2000.
Gupta, P. K., A. K. Das, A. Chullikana, and A. S. Majumdar. Mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage repair in osteoarthritis. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 3:25, 2012.
Hunziker, E. B. Articular cartilage repair: basic science and clinical progress. A review of the current status and prospects. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10:432–463, 2002.
Kanichai, M., D. Ferguson, P. J. Prendergast, and V. A. Campbell. Hypoxia promotes chondrogenesis in rat mesenchymal stem cells: a role for AKT and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha. J. Cell. Physiol. 216:708–715, 2008.
King, J. A., and W. M. Miller. Bioreactor development for stem cell expansion and controlled differentiation. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 11:394–398, 2007.
Kock, L. M., J. Malda, W. J. Dhert, K. Ito, and D. Gawlitta. Flow-perfusion interferes with chondrogenic and hypertrophic matrix production by mesenchymal stem cells. J. Biomech. 47:2122–2129, 2014.
Kock, L., C. C. van Donkelaar, and K. Ito. Tissue engineering of functional articular cartilage: the current status. Cell Tissue Res. 347:613–627, 2012.
Kong, D., T. Zheng, M. Zhang, D. Wang, S. Du, X. Li, J. Fang, and X. Cao. Static mechanical stress induces apoptosis in rat endplate chondrocytes through MAPK and mitochondria-dependent caspase activation signaling pathways. PLoS One 8:e69403, 2013.
Kupcsik, L., M. J. Stoddart, Z. Li, L. M. Benneker, and M. Alini. Improving chondrogenesis: potential and limitations of SOX9 gene transfer and mechanical stimulation for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. A 16:1845–1855, 2010.
Larsson, T., R. M. Aspden, and D. Heinegard. Effects of mechanical load on cartilage matrix biosynthesis in vitro. Matrix 11:388–394, 1991.
Lee, K. B., J. H. Hui, I. C. Song, L. Ardany, and E. H. Lee. Injectable mesenchymal stem cell therapy for large cartilage defects—a porcine model. Stem Cells 25:2964–2971, 2007.
Li, W. J., R. Tuli, C. Okafor, A. Derfoul, K. G. Danielson, D. J. Hall, and R. S. Tuan. A three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 26:599–609, 2005.
Longobardi, L., L. O’Rear, S. Aakula, B. Johnstone, K. Shimer, A. Chytil, W. A. Horton, H. L. Moses, and A. Spagnoli. Effect of IGF-I in the chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the presence or absence of TGF-beta signaling. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21:626–636, 2006.
Lucchinetti, E., C. S. Adams, W. E. Horton, Jr, and P. A. Torzilli. Cartilage viability after repetitive loading: a preliminary report. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10:71–81, 2002.
Mouw, J. K., J. T. Connelly, C. G. Wilson, K. E. Michael, and M. E. Levenston. Dynamic compression regulates the expression and synthesis of chondrocyte-specific matrix molecules in bone marrow stromal cells. Stem Cells 25:655–663, 2007.
Noel, D., F. Djouad, and C. Jorgense. Regenerative medicine through mesenchymal stem cells for bone and cartilage repair. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 3:1000–1004, 2002.
Noriega, S., T. Mamedov, J. A. Turner, and A. Subramanian. Intermittent applications of continuous ultrasound on the viability, proliferation, morphology, and matrix production of chondrocytes in 3D matrices. Tissue Eng. 13:611–618, 2007.
Pelaez, D., C.-Y. Charles Huang, and H. S. Cheung. Cyclic compression maintains viability and induces chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells in fibrin gel scaffolds. Stem Cells Dev. 18:93–102, 2009.
Quinn, T. M., A. J. Grodzinsky, M. D. Buschmann, Y. J. Kim, and E. B. Hunziker. Mechanical compression alters proteoglycan deposition and matrix deformation around individual cells in cartilage explants. J. Cell Sci. 111:573–583, 1998.
Schnabel, M., S. Marlovits, G. Eckhoff, I. Fichtel, L. Gotzen, V. Vecsei, and J. Schlegel. Dedifferentiation-associated changes in morphology and gene expression in primary human articular chondrocytes in cell culture. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10:62–70, 2002.
Smith R. L., D. R. Carter and D. J. Schurman. Pressure and shear differentially alter human articular chondrocyte metabolism: a review. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. S89–S95, 2004.
Takahashi, I., G. H. Nuckolls, K. Takahashi, O. Tanaka, I. Semba, R. Dashner, L. Shum, and H. C. Slavkin. Compressive force promotes sox9, type II collagen and aggrecan and inhibits IL-1beta expression resulting in chondrogenesis in mouse embryonic limb bud mesenchymal cells. J. Cell Sci. 111(Pt 14):2067–2076, 1998.
Temenoff, J. S., and A. G. Mikos. Review: tissue engineering for regeneration of articular cartilage. Biomaterials 21:431–440, 2000.
Thorpe, S. D., C. T. Buckley, T. Vinardell, F. J. O’Brien, V. A. Campbell, and D. J. Kelly. The response of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to dynamic compression following TGF-beta3 induced chondrogenic differentiation. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 38:2896–2909, 2010.
Vinatier, C., D. Mrugala, C. Jorgensen, J. Guicheux, and D. Noel. Cartilage engineering: a crucial combination of cells, biomaterials and biofactors. Trends Biotechnol. 27:307–314, 2009.
Xie, Y., P. Hardouin, Z. Zhu, T. Tang, K. Dai, and J. Lu. Three-dimensional flow perfusion culture system for stem cell proliferation inside the critical-size beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold. Tissue Eng. 12:3535–3543, 2006.
Yeatts, A. B., and J. P. Fisher. Tubular perfusion system for the long-term dynamic culture of human mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng. C Methods 17:337–348, 2011.
Yeatts, A. B., C. N. Gordon, and J. P. Fisher. Formation of an aggregated alginate construct in a tubular perfusion system. Tissue Eng. C Methods 17:1171–1178, 2011.
Yoon, D. M., S. Curtiss, A. H. Reddi, and J. P. Fisher. Addition of hyaluronic acid to alginate embedded chondrocytes interferes with insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in vitro and in vivo. Tissue Eng. A 15:3449–3459, 2009.
Yoon, D. M., E. C. Hawkins, S. Francke-Carroll, and J. P. Fisher. Effect of construct properties on encapsulated chondrocyte expression of insulin-like growth factor-1. Biomaterials 28:299–306, 2007.
Yu, L., K. M. Ferlin, B. N. Nguyen, and J. P. Fisher. Tubular perfusion system for chondrocyte culture and superficial zone protein expression. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 103:1864–1874, 2015.
Zhang, Z. Y., S. H. Teoh, W. S. Chong, T. T. Foo, Y. C. Chng, M. Choolani, and J. Chan. A biaxial rotating bioreactor for the culture of fetal mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 30:2694–2704, 2009.
Zhao, F., P. Pathi, W. Grayson, Q. Xing, B. R. Locke, and T. Ma. Effects of oxygen transport on 3-d human mesenchymal stem cell metabolic activity in perfusion and static cultures: experiments and mathematical model. Biotechnol. Prog. 21:1269–1280, 2005.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (R01 AR061460) as well as by the National Science Foundation (CBET 1264517). This work was also funded by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry (Grant number: 230303). The authors thank Feng Gao from Cornell University for his help on data processing and Dr. Hannah B. Baker for reviewing the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Associate Editor Eric Darling oversaw the review of this article.
Ting Guo and Li Yu have contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guo, T., Yu, L., Lim, C.G. et al. Effect of Dynamic Culture and Periodic Compression on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation and Chondrogenesis. Ann Biomed Eng 44, 2103–2113 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-015-1510-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-015-1510-5