Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce a map of landslide susceptibility zonation (LSZ) using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for recognition of a hazardous prone zone in the Bojnurd region, northeast of Iran. A database included nine topographic, geomorphologic, and climatic parameters that affect landslide susceptibility produced by digitizing the elevation data from topographic maps and some spatial analyst procedures in GIS. Some rock falls and landslides were observed dominantly on the steep slopes of limestone formations. The study area were divided into five susceptibility zones, namely, very high, high, moderate, low, and negligible. It demonstrated that about 70.21 % of the region in the south and east are prone to moderate to very high levels of landslide susceptibility. According to landslides inventory map, the most occurred landslides had the well-corresponding with high and very high landslide susceptibility classes in the region. Based on empirical classification of the AHP, the precipitation, geology, land use, and slope were the most heavily weighted factors with weightings of 0.182, 0.176, 0.166, and 0.163, respectively. While based on the spatially crosschecking, the landslide events in the study area strongly correlated with geology and slope, which exhibited on the final LSZ map.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akgün A, Bulut F (2007) GIS-based landslide hazard for Arsin-Yomra (Trabzon, North Turkey) region. Environ Geol 51(8):1377–1387
Aleotti P, Chowdhury R (1999) Landslide hazard assessment: summary review and new perspectives. Bull Eng Geol Environ 58(1):21–44
Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2005) The application of GIS-based logistic regression for landslide susceptibility mapping in the Kakuda–Yahiko Mountains, central Japan. Geomorphology 65(1–2):15–31
Ayalew L, Yamagishi H, Ugawa N (2004) Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS-based weighted linear combination, the case in Tsugawa area of Agano River, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Landslides 1(1):73–81
Bagherzadeh A, Mansouri Daneshvar MR (2013) Mapping of landslide hazard zonation using GIS at Golestan watershed, northeast of Iran. Arab J Geosci 6(9):3377–3388
Boroushaki S, Malczewski J (2010) Measuring consensus for collaborative decision-making: GIS-based approach. Comput Environ Urban Syst 34(4):322–332
Carrara A, Crosta G, Frattini P (2008) Comparing models of debris-flow susceptibility in the alpine environment. Geomorphology 94(3–4):353–378
Çevik E, Topal T (2003) GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping for a problematic segment of the natural gas pipeline, Hendek (Turkey). Environ Geol 44(8):949–962
Chauhan S, Sharma M, Arora MK, Gupta NK (2010) Landslide Susceptibility Zonation through ratings derived from Artificial Neural Network. Int J Appl Earth Ob Geoinformation 12(5):340–350
Cruden DM, Varnes DJ (1996) Landslide types and processes. In: Turner AK, Schuster RL (eds) Landslides—Investigation and Mitigation. Special Report 257. Transportation Research Board. National Academic Press, Washington D. C, pp 36–75
Dahal RK, Hasegawa S (2008) Representative rainfall thresholds for landslides in the Nepal Himalaya. Geomorphology 100(3-4):429–443
Dai FC, Lee CF, Li J, Xu ZW (2001) Assessment of landslide susceptibility on the natural terrain of Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Environ Geol 40(3):381–391
Ercanoglu M, Gokceoglu C, van Asch THWJ (2004) Landslide hazard zoning north of Yenice (NW Turkey) by multivariate statistical techniques. Nat Hazards 32(1):1–23
García–Rodríguez MJ, Malpica JA, Benito B, Díaz M (2008) Susceptibility assessment of earthquake-triggered landslides in El Salvador using logistic regression. Geomorphology 95(3-4):172–191
Guzzetti F, Carrara A, Cardinali M, Reichenbach P (1999) Landslide hazard evaluation: a review of current techniques and their application in a multi–scale study, central Italy. Geomorphology 31(1–4):181–216
Hessami K, Jamali F (2006) Explanatory notes to the map of major active faults of Iran. J Seismol Earthq Eng 8(1):1–11
Hijmans RJ, Cameron SE, Parra JL, Jones PG, Jarvis A (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol 25(15):1965–1978
Jian W, Xiang–guo P (2009) GIS-based landslide hazard zonation model and its application. Procedia Earth Planet Sci 1(1):1198–1204
Kamp U, Growley B, Khattak G, Owen L (2008) GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake region. Geomorphology 101(4):631–642
Kanungo DP, Arora MK, Sarkar S, Gupta RP (2006) A comparative study of conventional, ANN black box, fuzzy and combined neural and fuzzy weighting procedures for landslide susceptibility zonation in Darjeeling Himalayas. Eng Geol 85(3-4):347–366
Lee S (2005) Application of logistic regression model and its validation for landslide hazard mapping using GIS and remote sensing data. Int J Remote Sens 26(7):1477–1491
Li Y, Chen G, Tang C, Zhou G, Zheng L (2012) Rainfall and earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility assessment using GIS and Artificial Neural Network. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 12(8):2719–2729
Malczewski J (1999) GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 408pp
Mansouri Daneshvar MR, Bagherzadeh A (2011) Landslide hazard zonation assessment using GIS analysis at Golmakan Watershed, northeast of Iran. Front Earth Sci 5(1):70–81
Möderl M, Rauch W (2011) Spatial risk assessment for critical network infrastructure using sensitivity analysis. Front Earth Sci 5(4):414–420
Moore ID, Grayson RB, Landson AR (1991) Digital terrain modelling: a review of hydrological, geomorphological, and biological applications. Hydrol Process 5(1):3–30
Nandi A, Shakoor A (2009) A GIS-based landslide susceptibility evaluation using bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Eng Geol 110(1-2):11–20
Neaupane KM, Piantanakulchai M (2006) Analytic network process model for landslide hazard zonation. Eng Geol 85(3-4):281–294
Pradhan B, Lee S, Buchroithner MF (2010) A GIS-based back-propagation neural network model and its cross-application and validation for landslide susceptibility analyses. Comput Environ Urban Syst 34(3):216–235
Remondo J, Gonzalez–Diez A, Teran JRD, Cendrero A (2003) Landslide susceptibility models utilising spatial data analysis techniques. A case study from the lower Deba valley, Guipuzcoa (Spain). Nat Hazards 30(3):267–279
Remondo J, Bonachea J, Cendrero A (2005) A statistical approach to landslide risk modelling at basin scale: from landslide susceptibility to quantitative risk assessment. Landslides 2(4):321–328
Saaty TL (1980) The Analytical Hierarchy Process. McGraw Hill, New York, 350pp
Saaty TL, Vargas LG (2000) Models, Methods, Concepts, and Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Kluwer Academic, Boston, 352pp
Saboya F, Alves MG, Pinto WD (2006) Assessment of failure susceptibility of soil slopes using fuzzy logic. Eng Geol 86(4):211–224
Saha AK, Gupta RP, Arora MK (2002) GIS-based landslide hazard zonation in the Bhagirathi (Ganga) valley, Himalayas. Int J Remote Sens 23(2):357–369
Şener Ş, Sener E, Karagüzel R (2011) Solid waste disposal site selection with GIS and AHP methodology: a case study in Senirkent–Uluborlu (Isparta) Basin, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 173:533–554
Soeters R, van Westen CJ (1996) Slope instability recognition, analysis, and zonation. In: Turner KA, Schuster RL (Eds.), Landslides: investigation and mitigation. Trans Res Board Spec Rep 247:129–177
Süzen ML, Doyuran V (2004) A comparison of the GIS base landslide susceptibility assessment methods: multivariate versus bivariate. Environ Geol 45(5):665–679
USGS (2004) Landslide types and processes. Fact sheet report of 2004–3072. United States Geological Survey
Vahidnia MH, Alesheikh AA, Alimohammadi A, Hosseinali F (2010) A GIS-based neuro-fuzzy procedure for integrating knowledge and data in landslide susceptibility mapping. Comput Geosci 36(9):1101–1114
van Westen CJ, Rengers N, Soeters R (2003) Use of geomorphological information in indirect landslide susceptibility assessment. Nat Hazards 30(3):399–419
Varnes DJ (1978) Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster RL, Krizek RJ (eds) Landslides: Analysis and Control, Special Report 176. Transportation Research Board. National Academic Press, Washington, DC, pp 11–33
Yalcin A (2008) GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using analytical hierarchy process and bivariate statistics in Ardesen (Turkey): comparisons of results and confirmations. Catena 72(1):1–12
Ying X, Guang–Ming Z, Gui–Qiu C, Lin T, Ke–Lin W, Dao–You H (2007) Combining AHP with GIS in synthetic evaluation of eco-environment quality—a case study of Hunan Province, China. Ecol Model 209(2–4):97–109
Acknowledgments
I thank Islamic Azad University, Mashhad branch, for their support of the project. Thanks also to Dr. Ali Bagherzadeh for suggestions on data analyses and interpretations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mansouri Daneshvar, M.R. Landslide susceptibility zonation using analytical hierarchy process and GIS for the Bojnurd region, northeast of Iran. Landslides 11, 1079–1091 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0458-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0458-5