Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Biofortification of Iron in Wheat Varieties Using Different Methods of Application

  • Original Article / Originalbeitrag
  • Published:
Gesunde Pflanzen Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To evaluate the effect of iron (Fe) and its application methods on bio-fortification of wheat varieties, a field study was carried out at the Agricultural Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during Rabi crop season 2018–19. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plots having three replicates. Three wheat varieties (Pirsabak-2013, Atta Habib and Janbaz) were planted in main plots, while four Fe application methods (broadcast, soil spray, seed priming and foliar spray), in addition to the control treatment (No Fe supply) were distributed in the subplots. Ferrous sulphat (FeSO4.7H2O) was used as source of Fe at the rate of 10 kg ha−1. The statistical analysis of the data showed the significant variations among the varieties for different parameters. Biological yield, grain yield and grains spike−1 recorded maximum value with variety Pirsabak-2013 compared to the other two tested varieties, while Atta Habib produced the maximum 1000-grain weight. Iron content of grain, leaf and post-harvest soil was not significantly increased in different varieties. Among the different Fe application methods, the maximum value of biological yield, grain yield, grains spike−1 and 1000-grain weight were recorded with foliar application. Maximum assimilation of Fe in wheat grains and leaves was also recorded from foliar application. The results indicate an increase of 41 and 86% in grain and leaf Fe respectively due to foliar application greater than the control plots. High content of Fe in soil after crop harvest was measured from broadcast method. The current study reveals that variety Pirsabak-2013 is better regarding wheat yield and its attributes, while foliar application of Fe proved to be more effective for assimilation of Fe in leaf and grain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abd El-Mageed TA, Mekdad AAA, Rady MOA, Abdelbaky AS, Saudy HS, Shaaban A (2022) Physio-biochemical and agronomic changes of two sugar beet cultivars grown in saline soil as influenced by potassium fertilizer. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 22:3636–3654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-022-00916-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abbas G, Khan MQ, Khan MJ, Hussain F, Hussain I (2009) Effect of Fe on the growth and yield contributing parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Anim Plant Sci 19(3):135–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Abd-Elrahman Sh, Saudy HS, Abd El-Fattah DA, Hashem FA (2022) Effect of irrigation water and organic fertilizer on reducing nitrate accumulation and boosting lettuce productivity. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 22:2144–2155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-022-00799-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed I, Qazi M, Jamal S (2016) Developments in osmotic dehydration technique for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. Innov Food Sci Emerg 34:29–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ajouri A, Asgedom H, Becker M (2004) Seed priming enhances germination and seedling growth of barley under conditions of P and Zn deficiency. Plant Nutr Soil Sci 167:630–636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arafat Y, Shafi M, Khan MA, Adnan M, Basir A, Rahman I, Arshad M, Khan A, Saleem N, Romman M, Rahman Z, Shah JA (2016) Yield response of wheat cultivars to zinc application rates and methods. Pure App Bio 5(4):1260–1270

    Google Scholar 

  • Atasoy GD, Geverek MN (2012) Performance of some bread wheat genotypes under organic and conventional production system. Agric Biol 14:580–584

    Google Scholar 

  • Badiri A, Mirshekari B, Hadavi EB, Hamidi A (2014) Effect of seeds priming with micronutrients on growth, seed yield and mucilage of plantain. Plant Anim Environ Sci 4(3):335–342

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell DW, Dell B (2008) Micronutrients for sustainable food, feed, fibre and bio-energy products. International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouis HE, Hotz C, McClafferty B, Meenakshi JV, Pfeiffer WH (2010) Bio-fortification: a new tool to reduce micronutrient malnutrition. Food Nutr Bull 32:31–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cakmak I (2008) Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: agronomic or genetic bio-fortification. Plant Soil 302:1–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cakmak I, Pfeiffer WH, McClafferty B (2010) Bio-fortification of durum wheat with Zn and Fe. Cereal Chem 87:10–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong B, Rengel Z, Graham RD (1995) Root morphology of wheat genotypes differing in Zn efficiency. Plant Nutr 18:2761–2773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elgala AM, Abd-Elrahman ShH, Saudy HS, Nossier MI (2022) Exploiting Eichhornia crassipes shoots extract as a natural source of nutrients for producing healthy tomato plants. Gesun Pflan 74:457–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00622-5

  • El-khouly NS, Saudy HS, Abd El-Momen R (2018) Varietal variations of sesame in nitrogen utilization efficacy. Arab Univ J Agric Sci, Ain Shams Univ 26:1819–1826. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2018.31652

  • El-Metwally IM, Saudy HS, El-Ashry SM (2009) Response of maize and associated weeds to irrigation intervals, weed management and nitrogen forms. J Agri Sci Mansoura Univ 34:5003–5017. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2009.117355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Metwally IM, Saudy HS (2021) Interactive application of zinc and herbicides affects broad–leaved weeds, nutrient uptake, and yield in rice. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21:238–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00356-1

  • Farooq M, Basra SMA, Wahid A, Khaliq A, Kobayashi N (2009) Rice seed invigoration. In: Lichtfouse E (ed) Sustainable agriculture reviews. Springer, Cham, pp 137–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez V, Orera I, Abadia J, Abadia A (2009) Foliar Fe-fertilization of fruit trees: present knowledge and future perspectives. Hort Sci Biol 84:1–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson RS (2006) Zinc: the missing link in combating micronutrient malnutrition in developing countries. Proc Nutr Soci 65:51–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerinot MA, Yi Y (1994) Iron: nutritious, noxious, and not readily available. Plant Physiol 104:815–820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harris D (1996) The effects of manure, genotype, seed priming, depth and date of sowing on the emergence and early growth of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in semi-arid Botswana. Soil Tillage Res 40:73–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Haslett BS, Reid RJ (2001) Zinc mobility in wheat uptake and distribution of zinc applied to leave and roots. Ann Bot 87:379–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain N, Khan MA, Farid R (2005) Effect of varying levels of P and Zn on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Agric Sci Pak 2(1):1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Jan MT, Shah P, Hoolinton PA, Khan MJ, Sohail Q (2009) Agriculture research: design and analysis. Uni Agric Peshawar Pakistan, Peshawar

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan A, Khan A, Li J, Ahmad MI, Sher A, Rashid A, Ali W (2017) Evaluation of wheat varietal performance under different nitrogen sources. Am Plant Sci 8:561–573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koc M, Barutcular C, Zencirci N (2000) Grain protein and grain yield of durum wheat from south-eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Agri Res 6:665–671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumssa DB, Joy EJM, Ander EL, Watts MJ, Young SD, Walker S, Broadley MR (2015) Dietary Ca and Zn deficiency risks are decreasing but remain prevalent. Sci Rep 5:10974

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kutman UB, Yildiz B, Ozturk L, Cakmak I (2010) Biofortification of durum wheat with Zn through soil and foliar applications of N. Cereal Chem 87:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malathi P, Stalin P (2018) Evaluation of AB—DTPA extractant for multinutrients extraction in soils. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 7(3):1192–1205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marenco RA, Lopes NF (2009) Fisiologia vegetal: fotossintese, respiracao, relacoes hidricas e nutricao mineral, 3rd edn. Editora Universidade Federal de Vicosa, pp 267–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Martens DN, Lindsay EL (1990) Testing soils for Co, Fe, Mn and Zn. Soil testing and plant analysis, 3rd edn. Soil Science Society: America, Madison, pp 229–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey J, Guerinot ML (2009) Iron uptake and transport in plants: the good, the bad, and the ionome. Chem Rev 109(10):4553–4567

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murray CJL, Lopez AD (2013) Measuring the global burden of disease. N Engl Med 369:448–457

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narimani H, Rahimi MM, Khan A, Vaezi B (2010) Study on the effects of foliar spray of micronutrient on yield and yield components of durum wheat. Appl Sci Res 2(6):168–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naz S, Yousaf B, Tahir MA, Qadir A, Yousaf A (2015) Iron and Zn biofortification strategies in wheat crop by exogenous application of micronutrients. Food Sci Qual Manag 25:49–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Niyigaba E, Twizerimana AI, Mugenzi WA, Ngnadong YP, Ye B, Wu M, Hai JB (2019) Winter wheat grain quality, Zn and Fe concentration by a combined foliar spray of zinc and iron fertilizers. Agronomy 9(5):250. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noureldin NA, Saudy HS, Ashmawy F, Saed HM (2013) Grain yield response index of bread wheat cultivars as influenced by nitrogen levels. Ann Agric Sci, Ain Shams Univ 58:147–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2013.07.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pessarakli M, Pahlavan-Rad MR (2009) Response of wheat plants to Zn, Fe and Mn applications and uptake and concentration of Zn, Fe and Mn in wheat grains. J Comm Soil Sci 40(7):1322–1332

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramzani MA, Khalid M, Naveed M, Ahmad R, Shahid M (2016) Iron biofortification of wheat grains through integrated use of organic and chemical fertilizers in pH affected calcareous soil. Plant Physio Biochem 104:284–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rengel Z, Battenb GD, Crowley DE (1999) Agronomic approaches for improving the micronutrient density in edible portions of edible crops. Field Crop Res 60:27–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salem EMM, Kenawey MKM, Saudy HS, Mubarak M (2022) Influence of silicon forms on nutrient accumulation and grain yield of wheat under water deficit conditions. Gesun Pflan 74:539–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00629-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarlach RS, Sharma A, Bains NS (2013) Seed priming in wheat: effect on seed germination, yield parameters and grain yield. Progr Res 8(1):109–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Saudy HS (2014) Chlorophyll meter as a tool for forecasting wheat nitrogen requirements after application of herbicides. Arc Agron Soil Sci 60:1077–1090. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2013.866226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saudy HS (2015) Maize–cowpea intercropping as an ecological approach for nitrogen-use rationalization and weed suppression. Archiv Agron Soil Sci 61(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2014.920499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saudy HS, Abd-Elmomen WR (2009) Cultural and manual weed management in sesame. J Agric Sci 34:9001–9013. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2009.118851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saudy HS, Mubarak M (2014) Does silicon alleviate the injuries of nitrogen deficiency and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl herbicide in wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.)?. J Agric Sci, Ain Shams Univ 22:347–360. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2014.14740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saudy HS, Mubarak M (2015) Mitigating the detrimental impacts of nitrogen deficit and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl herbicide on wheat using silicon. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal 46:913–923. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2015.1011753

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saudy HS, Abd El-Momen WR, El-khouly NS (2018) Diversified nitrogen rates influence nitrogen agronomic efficiency and seed yield response index of sesame (Sesamum indicum, L.) cultivars. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal 49:2387–2395. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1510949

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saudy HS, El-Metwally IM, Shahin MG (2021a) Co-application effect of herbicides and micronutrients on weeds and nutrient uptake in flooded irrigated rice: Does it have a synergistic or an antagonistic effect? Crop Prot 149:105755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105755

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saudy HS, Hamed MF, El-Metwally IM, Ramadan KhA, Aisa KH (2021b) Assessing the effect of biochar or compost application as a spot placement on broomrape control in two cultivars of faba bean. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21:1856–1866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00485-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saudy HS, Abd El-Samad GA, El-Temsah ME, El-Gabry YA (2022a) Effect of iron, zinc and manganese nano – form mixture on the micronutrient recovery efficiency and seed yield response index of sesame genotypes. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 22:732–742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00681-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saudy HS, Salem EMM, Abd El-Momen WR (2022b) Effect of potassium silicate and irrigation on grain nutrient uptake and water use efficiency of wheat under calcareous soils. Gesun Pflan. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00729-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schonherr J, Fernández V, Schreiber L (2005) Rates of cuticular penetration of chelated Fe (III): Role of humidity, concentration, adjuvants, temperature and type of chelate. J Agric Food Chem 53:4484–4492

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seher BC, Nichols NN, Cotta MA (2011) Ethanol production from wheat straw by recombinant Escherichia coli strain FBR5 at high solid loading. Bioresour Technol 102(23):10892–10897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shakileh MS, Yasari E, Foroutan A, Reza H (2012) Investigation of effects of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars cultivation in mountainous area of Mazandaran of northern Iran. Agric Crop Sci 4(13):868–872

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheteiwy MS, Guan Y, Cao D, Li J, Nawaz A, Hu Q, Hu W, Ning M, Hu J (2015) Seed priming with polyethylene glycol regulating the physiological and molecular mechanism in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under nano-ZnO stress. Sci Rep 5:14–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Sultana S, Naser HM, Quddus MA, Shil NC, Hossain MA (2018) Effect of foliar application of Fe and Zn on nutrient uptake and grain yield of wheat under different irrigation regimes. Bangladesh Agric Res 43(3):395–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tahir M, Tanveer A, Ali A, Ashraf M, Wassaya A (2008) Growth and yield response of wheat varieties to different K levels. Pak Life Soc Sci 6(2):92–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Tahir M, Naz S, Noorka IR (2013) Zinc enrichment of wheat plant; a new strategy to improve human nutrition and health. Med Appl Health 1(1):6–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Velu G, Ortiz-Monasterio I, Cakmak I, Hao Y, Singh RP (2014) Biofortification strategies to increase grain Zn and Fe concentrations in wheat. Cereal Sci 59:365–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welch RM, Graham RD (2004) Breeding for micronutrients in staple food crops from a human nutrition perspective. J Exp Bot 55:353–364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White PJ, Broadley MR (2009) Biofortification of crops with seven mineral elements often lacking in human diets-Fe, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mg, Se and I. New Phytol 182(1):49–84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2011) Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2015) Micronutrient Deficiencies, Fe deficiency anaemia. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Zain M, Khan I, Qadri RWK, Ashraf U, Hussain S, Minhas S, Siddique A, Jahangir M, Bashir M (2015) Foliar Application of micronutrients enhances wheat growth, yield and related attributes. Am Plant Sci 6:864–869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeidan MS, Manal MF, Hamouda HA (2010) Effect of foliar fertilization of Fe, Mn and Zn on wheat yield and quality in low sandy soils fertility. World Agric Sci 6(6):696–699

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C (2014) Essential functions of Fe-requiring proteins in DNA replication, repair and cell cycle control. Protein Cell 5(10):750–760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Zhang QJ, He ZH, Qian SH, Zhang Y, Pena RJ, Ye GY (2008) Solvent retention capacities as indirect selection criteria for sugar snap cookie quality in Chinese soft wheat genotypes. Agric Res 59:911–917

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Song Q, Yan J, Tang J, Zhao R, Zhang Y, He Z, Zou C, Monasterio IO (2009) Mineral element concentrations in grains of Chinese wheat cultivars. Euphytica 174:303–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Shi R, Rezaul KM, Zhang F, Zou C (2010) Iron and Zn concentrations in grain and flour of winter wheat as affected by foliar application. Agric Food Chem 58:12268–12274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ilyas, Muhammad Jamal Khan & Zaryab Murad

  2. Department of Biological Sciences Research Division KP, Peshawar, Deutschland

    Sanam Zarif Satti

  3. Department of Outreach Agriculture KP, Peshawar, Deutschland

    Arshad Ullah

  4. Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Deutschland

    Farhan

Authors
  1. Muhammad Ilyas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Jamal Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zaryab Murad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sanam Zarif Satti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Arshad Ullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Farhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zaryab Murad.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

M. Ilyas, M.J. Khan, Z. Murad, S.Z. Satti, A. Ullah and Farhan declare that they have no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ilyas, M., Khan, M.J., Murad, Z. et al. Biofortification of Iron in Wheat Varieties Using Different Methods of Application. Gesunde Pflanzen 75, 2177–2185 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00805-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00805-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation