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Productivity and Profitability of Irrigated Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are Influenced by Irrigation Scheduling and Weed Management Approaches

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Abstract

In all wheat growing regions of the world, wWater constraint and weed infestation are the main biological obstacles to increased wheat productivityy. This study may assist to enhance recommendations for controlling weeds in wheat and act as a guide for Northern Indian irrigated wheat. Therefore, four irrigation levels and eight weed management practices in wheat were under-taken in a split-plot design in four replication. The treatments consisted of four irrigation timing viz., irrigation at CRI and active tillering stage (I1), irrigation at CRI + jointing + booting (I2), CRI + active tillering + booting + flowering stage (I3) and irrigation at CRI + jointing + booting + flowering + milking stage (I4) were laid out to main plots and weeding regimes viz., W1-weedy check, W2-two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, W3-sulfosulfuron 25% WG (75 g ha−1 at 35 DAS), W4-pendimethalin 1000 g ha−1 (pre-emergence) fb clodinafop-propargyl 15% (400 g ha−1 at 35 DAS), W5-carfentrazone ethyl 20% + sulfosulfuron 25%WG (100 g ha−1 at 35 DAS), W6-halauxafen + penxasulam 23.5% (75 g ha−1 at 35 DAS), W7-halauxafen—methyl 1.21% w/w + fluroxypyr (80 g ha−1 at 35 DAS) and W8-clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methy l 1% (400 g ha−1 35 DAS) were allocated to subplots. After two years of study, it was observed that the application of irrigation at the crown root initiation (CRI) stage and tillering stage showed a lower density and weed biomass, leading to the highest WCE. Five irrigations at CRI + jointing + booting + flowering + milking stage resulted in the maximum yield attributes, yield and economic returns. Among the herbicides applied manely: sulfosulfuron 25%WG (75 g ha−1 at 35 DAS), pendimethalin 1000 g ha−1 (pre-emergence) fb clodinafop-propargyl 15% (400 g ha−1 at 35 DAS), carfentrazone ethyl 20% + sulfosulfuron 25%WG (100 g ha−1 at 35 DAS), halauxafen + penxasulam 23.5% (75 g ha−1 at 35 DAS), halauxafen—methyl 1.21% w/w + fluroxypyr (80 g ha−1 at 35 DAS) and clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methy l 1% (400 g ha−1 35 DAS); carfentrazone ethyl 20% + sulfosulfuron 25%WG at 100 g ha−1 at 35 DAS significantly reduced weed infestation and resulted in the highest yield and economic returns, followed by clodinafop-propagyl 15% + metsulfuron 1% 400 g ha−1 at 35 DAS. Therefore, this experiment supports to find-out the relationship between irrigation and weed management to enhance wheat yield.

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Acknowledgements

Authors, gratefully thank Taif University Researches Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/39), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia for supporting this study.

Funding

This research was financially supported by The Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur-228002 (UP), India. Also partially funded by the Taif University Researchers for funding this research with Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/39), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agronomy, The Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, 228002, Kanpur (UP), India

    Kairovin Lakra, Karam Husain & Ram Pyare

  2. Department of Agronomy, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi (UP), India

    Sunil K. Verma & Ram Swaroop Meena

  3. Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (Deemed to be University), School of Biotechnology, 751024, Bhubaneswar (Orrisa), India

    Puneet Kumar Singh

  4. Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed Gaber

  5. Division of Agronomy, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, 5200, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

    Akbar Hossain

Authors
  1. Kairovin Lakra
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  2. Karam Husain
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  3. Ram Pyare
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  4. Sunil K. Verma
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  5. Ram Swaroop Meena
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  6. Puneet Kumar Singh
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  7. Ahmed Gaber
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  8. Akbar Hossain
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Contributions

Conceptualization, K.L., K.H., R.P., S.K.V., R.S.M., and P.K.S.; methodology and visualization, K.L., K.H., R.P., S.K.V., R.S.M., and P.K.S.; software, K.L. and A.H.; validation, K.L., K.H., R.P., S.K.V., R.S.M., and P.K.S.; formal analysis, P.B., V.K.V., R.N. and A.H.; investigation, K.L., K.H., R.P., S.K.V., R.S.M., and P.K.S.; resources, K.L. and A.H.; data curation, K.L. and A.H.; writing—original draft preparation, K.L., K.H., R.P., S.K.V., R.S.M., and P.K.S.; writing—review and editing, A.G., W.F.A. and A.H.; supervision and project administration, R.S.M., K.H., A.G., A.H. and W.F.A.; funding acquisition, A.G., W.F.A. and A.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript in the journal.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Sunil K. Verma or Akbar Hossain.

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Conflict of interest

K. Lakra, K. Husain, R. Pyare, S.K. Verma, R.S. Meena, P.K. Singh, A. Gaber and A. Hossain declare that they have no competing interests.

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Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.

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Data Availability Statement

All data are available in the manuscripts.

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Lakra, K., Husain, K., Pyare, R. et al. Productivity and Profitability of Irrigated Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are Influenced by Irrigation Scheduling and Weed Management Approaches. Gesunde Pflanzen 75, 801–814 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00748-6

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