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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Botanical Pesticides and Their Mode of Action

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Botanische Pestizide und ihre Wirkmechanismen

Gesunde Pflanzen volume 65, pages 125–149 (2013)Cite this article

This article was retracted on 23 February 2018

Abstract

Pest management is facing economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanical pesticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as pest antifeedants, repellents and toxicants, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, a little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics and fermentation products) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical pesticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.

Botanicals have been in use for a long time for pest control. The compounds offer many environmental advantages. However, their uses during the 20th century have been rather marginal compared with other bio-control methods of pests and pathogens. Improvement in the understanding of plant allelochemical mechanisms of activity offer new prospects for using these substances in crop protection. I’m trying in this article to present different kinds of botanical pesticides came from different recourses and their mode of actions as well as I will try to examine the reasons behind their limited use (disadvantages) and the actual crop protection developments involving biopesticides of plant origin for organic or traditional agricultures to keep our environment clean and safer for humankind and animals.

Zusammenfassung

Die Schädlingsbekämpfung mit chemisch-synthetischen Pestiziden steht weltweit vor wirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Herausforderungen. Die Identifizierung neuer effektiver insektizider Verbindungen ist wichtig, um die zunehmend auftretenden Resistenzen zu bekämpfen. Botanische Pestizide sind seit langem als attraktive Alternativen zu chemisch-synthetischen Pestiziden zur Schädlingsbekämpfung angekündigt worden, weil Pestizide aus pflanzlicher Herkunft weniger Gefahren für die Umwelt und/oder die menschliche Gesundheit birgen. Die wissenschaftliche Literatur dokumentiert eine Vielzahl von Untersuchungen zur Bioaktivität pflanzlichen Stoffe deren Derivate geeignet sind, gegen Arthropoden als Schädlinge eingesetzt zu werden. Aktuell werden aber nur eine Handvoll pflanzlicher Stoffe in der Landwirtschaft in den Industrieländern verwendet. Es gibt nur wenige Hinweise auf eine wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der neuen botanischen Produkte. Zum Beispiel sind die Wirkstoffe Pyrethrum und Neem kommerziell gut etabliert und auch Pestizide auf Basis pflanzlicher ätherischer Ölen sind am Markt zu finden. Der Einsatz von Rotenon scheint aufgrund von Nebenwirkungen zu schwinden. Eine Reihe von pflanzlichen Substanzen sind interessant für den Einsatz als Fraßhemmer, und als Repellents, aber abgesehen von einigen natürlichen Insektenschutzmitteln gibt es kaum kommerziellen Einsatz für die pflanzlichen Substanzen. Mehrere Faktoren begrenzen den Erfolg von pflanzlichen Stoffen, hier sind zum Beispiel regulatorische Barrieren zu nennen.

Im Zusammenhang mit der landwirtschaftlichen Schädlingsbekämpfung, sind botanische Pestizide bestens für den Einsatz in der ökologischen Bio-Produktion in den Industrieländern geeignet, sie können aber auch eine größere Rolle bei der Begrenzung von Nachernte- und Lagerverlusten spielen. Die Verbindungen bieten viele Vorteile für die Umwelt. Allerdings sind ihre Anwendungen im 20. Jahrhundert eher marginal im Vergleich zu anderen Verfahren zur Kontrolle von Schädlingen und Krankheitserregern. Die Verbesserungen bei der Aufklärung der Mechanismen der Pflanzen mit allelochemischer Aktivität bieten neue Perspektiven für die Verwendung dieser Stoffe als Pflanzenschutzmitteln. In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden verschiedene Wirkmechanismen von Bio-Pestiziden vorgestellt und Gründe für den derzeit begrenzten Einsatz genannt.

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Acknowledgements

The author is grateful to Prof. Ahmed Sallam forreviewing this manuscript in the early stage.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

    Nabil E. El-Wakeil

  2. Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany

    Nabil E. El-Wakeil

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An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10343-018-0415-2.

This article (1) has been retracted by the Editor in Chief due to significant overlap with a previously published article (2). The author does not agree to this retraction.

1. “Botanical Pesticides and Their Mode of Action” by Nabil E. El-Wakeil, Gesunde Pflanzen (2013) 65:125–149, DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-013-0308-3

2. BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES, DETERRENTS, AND REPELLENTS INMODERN AGRICULTURE AND AN INCREASINGLY REGULATEDWORLD by Murray B. Isman, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2006. 51:45–66, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151146

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El-Wakeil, N. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Botanical Pesticides and Their Mode of Action. Gesunde Pflanzen 65, 125–149 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-013-0308-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-013-0308-3

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