Abstract
The ecological importance of scattered tree species such as elms (the European white elm, the wych elm and the field elm) is widely recognized in Europe. The European white elm, along with other elm species, is important as part of the traditional landscape and as a tree with multiple uses. In Germany, a total of more than 825 white elm populations numbering approximately 138,000 trees have been inventoried. Most of the largest populations are closely associated with the main rivers and concentrated mainly in the northeast of the country. However, to date there has been a lack of knowledge on the genetic structure and diversity of European white elm populations in Bavaria (southern Germany). The aim of this study was to assess genetic structure and diversity and to select putative seed stands and gene conservation units (GCU) for European white elm. Nuclear microsatellite loci (nSSR) were first selected for successful elm species discrimination. Next, in order to represent the distribution range of European white elms in Bavaria, 18 populations were selected and sampled for genetic analysis with 12 variable nSSR loci. AMOVA revealed that genetic variation is mainly distributed within populations (89%), while only 11% occurred between them (FST = 0.11). Bayesian clustering indicated the highest probability for the presence of four genetic clusters (Delta K = 19.954 at K4) within the dataset. However, spatial genetic structure indicates a close link to the two main river basins in Bavaria (Main River basin and the Danube River basin). Thus, our results fill existing gaps in sustainable use and conservation of rare and scattered tree species by providing insights into genetic variation and genetic structure of the species and allow us to better plan genetic conservation measures and to select GCU and seed stands in Bavaria. We, therefore, suggest that in the future all putative seed stands or gene conservation units should be assessed based on several aspects, one of them being the level of genetic diversity, before final selection and use as a source of forest reproductive material (FRM).
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank for Dr. Stefan Müller-Kroehling for support of the project. Our thanks go to Susanne Nowak and Ilona Kavaliauskienė for effective laboratory work. The authors wish to thank to the Departments for Food, Agriculture and Forestry Bavaria (ÄELF), the Bavarian State Forest Office (BaySF), Prof. Dr. Jörg Ewald (HSWT), Dr. Hans-Joachim Klemmt, Wolfgang Falk (The Bavarian State Institute of Forestry), and Frau Langensiepen (Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU)).
Funding
This work was financially supported through the project “Elaboration of provenance-recommendations and improvement of the harvesting possibilities for the rare tree species field maple (Acer campestre L.), European white elm (Ulmus laevis Pall.), service tree (Sorbus domestica L.) and yew tree (Taxus baccata L.) in Bavaria on the basis of tree genetics”/”Erarbeitung von Herkunftsempfehlungen und Verbesserung der Erntebasis für die seltenen Baumarten Feldahorn (Acer campestre L.), Flatterulme (Ulmus laevis Pall.), Speierling (Sorbus domestica L.) und Eibe (Taxus baccata L.) in Bayern auf genetischer Grundlage “ Project. no. P034, funded by the Bavarian State Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forests.
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The authors confirm contributions to the paper as follows: study conception and design: MŠ, BF; data and sample collection: BR; analysis and interpretation of results: DK, MŠ, BF; draft manuscript preparation: DK. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Kavaliauskas, D., Fussi, B., Rau, B. et al. Assessing genetic diversity of European white elm (Ulmus laevis Pallas) in Bavaria as an indicator for in-situ conservation and sustainable use of the species genetic resources. Eur J Forest Res 142, 145–160 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-022-01509-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-022-01509-w