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Diversity loss of lichen pine forests in Poland

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Abstract

In Central Europe, deciduous forests are the dominant community type and lichen pine forests are restricted to certain areas with extremely nutrient-poor and xeric soil types. In recent decades, a retreat of vegetation of oligotrophic habitats has been observed in Central Europe. In this study, we assessed changes of lichen pine forests in Poland: within the main area of the range in Central Europe. We used two sets of data collected at a local and regional (nation-wide) scale. On the basis of data from semi-permanent plots, we examined changes in the structure and species composition of lichen pine forests over 33 years at the local scale (between 1975 and 2008). To compare trends at the regional scale, we used data collected in the Polish Vegetation Database (PVD). For identification of lichen pine forests we determined a group of co-occurring Cladonia species. We analyzed differences in species richness and vegetation structure at the regional scale in tree time periods (1) between 1951 and 1969, (2) 1970 and 1989, and (3) 1990 and 2011. We found that changes in lichen pine forests are primarily quantitative at both scales. Our results indicate that the abundance of Cladonia species is limited by strong competitors, i.e., vascular plants and bryophytes, which may be explained by eutrophication and climate warming. Only pine forests with a minor abundance of lichens have chances to persist in the vegetation of Central Europe, while the most valuable communities with high abundance of indicators will disappear. Though an assessment of the total decrease in the area of lichen pine forests is not possible with the available regional data, local observations indicate a large decline in the area of lichen pine forests in Central Europe. Their conservation seems to be a serious challenge, because it is difficult to provide optimal conditions for all indicators.

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Acknowledgements

The source of the climate data used for this study is information shared according to the Agreement No. 13/2016. The data were collected and processed by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management—National Research Institute (IMGW-BIP) as a result of standard procedures by the state hydrological and meteorological services. The research was conducted in the University of Wrocław and in the University of Silesia and was financed from own funds. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Maps and materials necessary for the field work were made available by the Management and prepared by the Employees of the Przymuszewo Forest Inspectorate. We also deeply appreciate the comments of our reviewers, which helped us to improve the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Botanical Garden, University of Wrocław, 23 Sienkiewicza, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland

    Ewa Stefańska-Krzaczek & Zygmunt Kącki

  2. Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, 6/8 Kanonia, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland

    Wiesław Fałtynowicz

  3. Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska 60, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland

    Bartłomiej Szypuła

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  1. Ewa Stefańska-Krzaczek
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  2. Wiesław Fałtynowicz
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  3. Bartłomiej Szypuła
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  4. Zygmunt Kącki
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Correspondence to Ewa Stefańska-Krzaczek.

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Communicated by Jarmo Holopainen.

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Stefańska-Krzaczek, E., Fałtynowicz, W., Szypuła, B. et al. Diversity loss of lichen pine forests in Poland. Eur J Forest Res 137, 419–431 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-018-1113-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-018-1113-4

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