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Patterns of genetic diversity resulting from bottlenecks in European black pine, with implications on local genetic conservation and management practices in Bulgaria

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Abstract

In the present study, we investigated the genetic structure and diversity of P. nigra populations in Bulgaria, using simple sequence nuclear repeats. Among-population structure was studied with distance and Bayesian frequency methods, assuming geometric distance and a “non-admixture” model. The “NJ” and “non-admixture” clusters confirm the “mountain effect” hypothesis of the black pine genetic structure in the study region. The analyses showed moderate among-population divergence (13.31 %; AMOVA) and evidence of genetic bottlenecks. The coalescent analyses suggest that P. nigra has survived for a long period (thousands of generations) under strong selection pressure and that its populations continued to be exposed to stochastic factors like climate fluctuation, forest fire and disease. The combination of recent and historic changes is responsible for the present population size and genetic diversity. Our results suggest that conservation and management practices should strive to maintain this genetic differentiation, specifically by emphasising reforestation efforts with stocks from local provenances to avoid non-local introductions.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Irena M. Naydenova and T&T for their technical assistance. We are grateful to the staff of the Bulgarian forest service for their assistance with the plant material; the Ministry of Education and Science of Bulgaria (EU) for their financial support (CC-318/1993–1996); and the Fond KAZAROVI-Geneva (Switzerland) for a student grant to K. D. Naydenov during an internship at the University of Geneva, Switzerland (Dept. of Botany). We also wish to thank Dan MacKay (CFLS-St-Jean, Qc., Canada) and Translation-Group (UK) for his careful revision of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ministry of National Defence - CAF, 25 Grand-Bernier, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, J0J1R0, Canada

    Krassimir D. Naydenov

  2. Faculty of Medicine and School of Public Health of the Medical Faculty, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 50 Divizija 6, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia

    Ivica Mladenov & Michel K. Naydenov

  3. Forest Research Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 132 Bd. Kliment Ochridskii, 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Alexander Alexandrov & Veselka Gyuleva

  4. Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Venceslas Goudiaby

  5. Institute of Forestry, Kneza Višeslava 3, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia

    Biljana Nikolić

  6. Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier, 63, rue Al maqdis Alqods, 60000, Oujda, Marocco

    Salim Kamary

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  1. Krassimir D. Naydenov
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  2. Ivica Mladenov
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  3. Alexander Alexandrov
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  4. Michel K. Naydenov
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Correspondence to Krassimir D. Naydenov.

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Communicated by Jarmo Holopainen.

This article is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr. Kosta Kostov from Forest Research Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Science (1924–2009).

Appendices

Appendix 1

See Table 3.

Table 3 List of nSSR primer pairs used for European black pine
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Appendix 2

The neighbour-joining (NJ) dendrogram of Rogers’s (1972) genetic distance assumes the “non-mutation” model (i.e. geometric distance). The ring on the nodes indicates bootstrap values of ≥50 % at 1000 replications (R 2av  = 0.94 for F st; Kalinowski 2009).

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Naydenov, K.D., Mladenov, I., Alexandrov, A. et al. Patterns of genetic diversity resulting from bottlenecks in European black pine, with implications on local genetic conservation and management practices in Bulgaria. Eur J Forest Res 134, 669–681 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-015-0881-3

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