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Comparison of distance sampling and territory mapping methods for birds in four different habitats

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Abstract

Distance sampling (DS) and territory mapping (TM) are globally applied bird survey techniques. However, specifically designed studies comparing results of both methods in different habitats in the framework of a scientific experiment have rarely been conducted. To provide a more generalized guidance for the field surveyor, here we evaluated estimates of bird abundances and number of bird species in four different habitats (broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, open woodland and farmland) in central Germany. Abundances were estimated in parallel by TM and DS in 2006 and 2008, following standard protocols. Detection probability differed significantly among habitats and species. Density estimates by DS were in total 24% lower than those estimated by standardized TM. While the number of bird species detected with both methods was approximately the same, the estimated abundances of 15 bird species showed significant differences. Increasing the number from two to four and five registrations to count a territory by using TM decreased the density on average about 28 and 42%, respectively. Using standardized TM resulted in an overestimation of abundances of species showing a high detection probability. In contrast, DS estimated very high densities for species that had a very low detection probability. In fact, a highly negative correlation was found between the density estimated by DS and the detection probability. Using standardized TM and setting a fixed number of registrations before a location qualifies for a bird territory cannot compensate for the large differences in species detectability. Instead, the number of registrations required to count a territory should be adjusted to differences in detection probabilities and seasonal activity. From our results we can recommend a mean of four registrations if eight visits were conducted to count a territory. However, the lack of any statistically-based quality assessment reduces the serious usability of TM for estimating densities for science-based management application, whereas, the clear advantage of DS is that it provides error estimates and considers differences in species detectability.

Zusammenfassung

Distance Sampling (DS) und Revierkartierung gehören zu den verbreitetsten Erfassungsmethoden von Vogelbeständen weltweit. Bisher gibt es kaum Studien bei denen im Rahmen eines wissenschaftlichen Experiments beide Methoden parallel durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse verglichen wurden. Ziel der im Jahr 2006 und 2008 im Hohen Vogelsberg, Hessen durchgeführten Untersuchung war es deshalb, jeweils die Artenanzahl und die Abundanzen von Vögeln sowohl mit DS als auch mit der Revierkartierung in vier unterschiedlichen Lebensräumen (Laubwald, Nadelwald, Halboffenland und Offenland) standardisiert zu erfassen und zu vergleichen. Die Erfassungswahrscheinlichkeit unterschied sich deutlich zwischen den Lebensräumen und zwischen den Vogelarten. Die Dichten, die mit Hilfe von DS erfasst wurden, fielen im Durchschnitt um 24% niedriger aus im Vergleich zu den mit der Revierkartierung ermittelten Dichten. Während die Anzahl der ermittelten Arten bei beiden Methoden in etwa gleich war, zeigten die Abundanzen von 15 Arten signifikante Unterschiede. Bei der standardisierten Revierkartierung wurde ein Revier nur dann gezählt, wenn mindestens zwei Registrierungen der Art erfolgten. Steigert man die Anzahl der notwendigen Mindestregistrierungen auf vier bzw. fünf reduzierte sich die Dichte im Durchschnitt um 28% bzw. 42%. Die standardisierte Revierkartierung führte zu einer Überschätzung der Bestände von Vogelarten mit einer hohen Erfassungswahrscheinlichkeit. Im Gegensatz hierzu wurden mit DS sehr hohe Dichten für Arten mit geringer Erfassungswahrscheinlichkeit ermittelt. Dies verdeutlicht die festgestellte negative Korrelation zwischen Dichte und Erfassungswahrscheinlichkeit. Die Verwendung der Revierkartierung mit einer fixen Anzahl von Mindestregistrierungen zur Zählung eines Reviers wird den unterschiedlichen Erfassungswahrscheinlichkeiten zwischen den verschiedenen Vogelarten nicht gerecht. Daher empfiehlt sich ein artspezifisches Vorgehen unter Berücksichtigung der Erfassungswahrscheinlichkeit und der saisonalen Aktivität. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, das zur Wertung eines Reviers im Durchschnitt vier Registrierungen eines Vogels bei acht Begehungen notwendig sind, um realistischere Abundanzen zu erhalten. Das Fehlen jeglicher statistischer Angaben zur Bestimmung der Erfassungsgüte bei der Revierkartierung reduziert deren Eignung, um wissenschaftlich fundierte Aussagen zu erhalten. DS bietet dagegen den großen Vorteil, dass es zu jeder berechneten Abundanz Konfidenzintervalle und den jeweiligen Fehler liefert.

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Acknowledgments

Our study was funded by the German Science Foundation (DFG) within the ‘Sonderforschungsbereich 299.’ We are grateful to all colleagues working in this project for continuous discussion and support. Especially, we would like to thank M. Spiegel for conducting the fieldwork. E. Green, S. Oppel, G. Ritchison, and two anonymous reviewers kindly provided helpful comments on the manuscript. The study complies with the current laws of Germany.

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Correspondence to Thomas K. Gottschalk.

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Communicated by F. Bairlein.

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Gottschalk, T.K., Huettmann, F. Comparison of distance sampling and territory mapping methods for birds in four different habitats. J Ornithol 152, 421–429 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-010-0601-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-010-0601-1

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