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Re-description and assessment of the taxonomic status of Saguinus fuscicollis cruzlimai Hershkovitz, 1966 (Primates, Callitrichinae)

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Abstract

Cruz Lima’s saddle-back tamarin Saguinus fuscicollis cruzlimai Hershkovitz, 1966, was described from a painting by Eládio da Cruz Lima in his book Mammals of Amazonia, Vol. 1, Primates (1945). The painting was of four saddle-back tamarins from the upper Rio Purus, one of them distinct and the inspiration for Hershkovitz to describe it as a new subspecies. Its exact provenance was unknown, however, and the specimen was lost. Surveys in the Purus National Forest in 2011 resulted in sightings of this tamarin along the north bank of the Rio Inauini, a left-bank tributary of the middle Purus, and also on the left bank of the Purus, north and south of the Rio Inauini. It is possible that it extends north as far as the Rio Pauini, and that S. f. primitivus Hershkovitz, 1977, occurs north of the Pauini as far the Rio Tapauá, both also left-bank tributaries of the Purus. Morphometric and molecular genetic analyses and the coloration of the pelage indicate that this tamarin differs from its neighbors sufficiently to be considered a full species. In his doctoral dissertation [2010, Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Distribution of Tamarins (Genus Saguinus Hoffmannsegg, 1807) Georg-August Universität, Göttingen], C. Matauschek found that saddle-back and black-mantle tamarins diverged from the tamarin lineage around 9.2 million years ago; time enough to warrant their classification in a distinct genus. Leontocebus Wagner, 1840, is the first name available. In this article we re-describe Cruz Lima’s saddle-back tamarin. We propose a neotype with a precise locality, and make it a full species in the genus Leontocebus.

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Acknowledgments

The primate surveys were part of two field research projects: “Primates in Amazonian Protected Areas” and “Diversity and Hunting of Mammals in the Region of Boca do Acre/AM,” both financed and authorized (SISBIO #33582; #38186) by the Brazilian Government’s Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio). The genetic analyses (IPF) were carried out within the SISBIOTA project of the Brazilian Science Council (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES/AUXPE 3261/2013) and the Amazonas State Research Foundation (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas—FAPEAM). We are grateful to the Coordenação Geral de Pesquisa e Monitoramento da Biodiversidade (CGPEQ/DIBIO/ICMBio), the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros (CPB/ICMBio), and the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biodiversidade Amazônica (CEPAM/ICMBio). We sincerely thank also the ICMBio staff in Boca do Acre/AM for their support at all stages of the project; the Municipal Prefecture of Boca do Acre; and the invaluable help of Francisco Alves da Silva during the field work. We are indebted to the countless families that live along the Rio Inauini and those in the communities of the Arapixi Extractivist Reserve especially the family of Sr. Noel Humberto Dias Gomes and Solange Gonçalves, for help of all kinds during our field expeditions. Maria N. F. da Silva, Manoela Borges and Iracema Andrade, curators of the mammal collection at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, were so helpful and kind; Adriano C. S. Antunes (INPA) prepared the neotype, and Raimundo Rodrigues da Silva of the Emílio Goeldi Museum (MPEG) prepared the other specimens. The curators at MPEG were most helpful in allowing us to examine the specimens in their collection. We thank Victor Fonsêca da Silva and Michelle Pinto Mercês who helped in the morphometry of L. cruzlimai and L. w. melanoleucus. We thank Stephen D. Nash for his kindness and celerity in providing us with an illustration of Leontocebus cruzlimai and the digital images Figs. 1 and 2. Finally, we are most grateful to Sr. Eládio Malcher Lima and Sra. Ângela Pinheiro, Eládio da Cruz Lima’s son and granddaughter, for kindly allowing us to reproduce the Cruz Lima (1945) plate 38 (Fig. 1), and likewise to Maria Astrogilda Ribeiro Silva, Coordenadora CID, MCTI/MPEG/CID for the unpublished illustration of Goeldi (1907) (Fig. 2). We thank the reviewers Dr. Jessica Lynch Alfaro and Dr. Horácio Schneider for their excellent comments and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Floresta Nacional do Purus, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Boca do Acre, Amazonas, 69850000, Brazil

    Ricardo Sampaio

  2. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros (CENAP), Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Atibaia, São Paulo, 12.952-011, Brazil

    Ricardo Sampaio

  3. Wildlife Conservation Society, Manaus, Amazonas, 69077-000, Brazil

    Fábio Röhe

  4. Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), ICB, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69077-000, Brazil

    Gabriela Pinho & Izeni Pires Farias

  5. Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Terra Firme, Caixa Postal 399, Belém, Pará, 66077-530, Brazil

    José de Sousa e Silva-Júnior

  6. Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA

    Anthony B. Rylands

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  1. Ricardo Sampaio
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Correspondence to Ricardo Sampaio.

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Sampaio, R., Röhe, F., Pinho, G. et al. Re-description and assessment of the taxonomic status of Saguinus fuscicollis cruzlimai Hershkovitz, 1966 (Primates, Callitrichinae). Primates 56, 131–144 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-015-0458-2

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