Abstract
Antibiotic pollution is a major health issue inducing antibiotic resistance and the inefficiency of actual drugs, thus calling for improved methods to clean water and wastewater. Here we review the recent development of heterojunction photocatalysis and application in degrading tetracycline. We discuss mechanisms for separating photogenerated electron–hole pairs in different heterojunction systems such as traditional, p–n, direct Z-scheme, step-scheme, Schottky, and surface heterojunction. Degradation pathways of tetracycline during photocatalysis are presented. We compare the efficiency of tetracycline removal by various heterojunctions using quantum efficiency, space time yield, and figures of merit. Implications for the treatment of antibiotic-contaminated wastewater are discussed.
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source and h+ acceptor. b First-order kinetics of g-C3N4, Cds, TiO2, KCNN, KCNNT, TiO2@CdS, KCNN@CdS and KCNNT@CdS for tetracycline removal under visible light (Reprinted with permission of Elsevier from Liu et al. 2021). c The effects of Bi metal and oxygen vacancies on the carrier transfer: oxygen vacancies acted as intermediate to transfer e− to Bi metal. Then, e− in Bi metal moved to the conduction band due to SPR effect. d Proposed photocatalytic mechanism of 30% Ag/γ-AgI/Bi2O2CO3/Bi: a novel S-scheme heterojunction mechanism. (Reprinted with permission of Elsevier from Yan et al. 2021a). e−, electron; h+, hole; CB, conduction band; VB, valence band; O2 · −, superoxide radical; ·OH hydroxyl radical; KCNN, K doped g-C3N4 nanosheet; KCNNT, K doped g-C3N4 nanosheet-TiO2; Eg, energy gap; SPR, surface plasmon resonance
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- CuInS2 :
-
Copper indium sulfide
- g-C3N4 :
-
Graphitic carbon nitride
- In2S3 :
-
Indium sulfide
- InVO4 :
-
Indium vanadate
- BiOI:
-
Bismuth oxyiodide
- BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I):
-
Bismuth oxyhalides
- BiFeO3 :
-
Bismuth ferrite
- TiO2 :
-
Titanium dioxide
- Ag2O:
-
Silver oxide
- Ta3N5 :
-
Tantalum pentanitride
- γ-Fe2O3 :
-
γ-Ferric oxide
- AgI:
-
Silver iodide
- BiVO4 :
-
Bismuth vanadate
- BiOBr:
-
Bismuth bromide oxide
- BiO(CH3COO)1−xBrx :
-
Bismuth oxide acetate
- In2S3 :
-
Indium trisulfide
- Bi2O2CO3 :
-
Bismuth oxycarbonate
- Ti3C2 Mxene:
-
Titanium carbide MXene
- SnNb2O6 :
-
Tin niobate
- Ag:
-
Silver
- Bi3TaO7 :
-
Bismuth tantalite
- g-C3N4 :
-
Graphitic carbon nitride
- CdS:
-
Cadmium sulfide
- γ-AgI:
-
γ-Silver iodide
- Bi:
-
Bismuth
- ZnIn2S4 :
-
Indium zinc sulfide
- BiPO4 :
-
Bismuth(iii) phosphate
- AgBr-TiO2-Pal:
-
Silver bromide–titanium dioxide–Palygorskite
- Bi2O7Sn2-:
-
Bismuth stannate
- Ag2S:
-
Silver sulfide
- BiOBr:
-
Bismuth oxybromide
- Bi2SiO5 :
-
Bismuth silicate
- BiOCl:
-
Bismuth oxychloride
- BiOCOOH:
-
Bismuth oxyformate
- In2.77S4 :
-
Indium2.77 tetrasulfide
- WS2 :
-
Tungsten sulfide
- AgI/WO3 HHNFs:
-
Silver iodide/tungsten trioxide hollow hierarchical nanoflowers
- Ag3PO4 :
-
Trisilver orthophosphate
- CuBi2O4 :
-
Cupric bismuth
- CDs/g-C3N4/MoO3 :
-
Carbon quantum dots/graphitic carbon nitride/molybdenum trioxide
- Bi2WO6 :
-
Bismuth tungstate
- Ta3N5 :
-
Tantalum nitride
- SnFe2O4 :
-
Stannic ferrite
- ZnFe2O4 :
-
Zinc ferrite
- CdIn2S4 :
-
Cadmium indium sulfide
- Ag/CNF:
-
Silver-loaded fiber-like carbon nitride
- Au/Pt/g-C3N4 :
-
Gold/platinum/graphitic carbon nitride
- Ti3C2 MXene:
-
Titanium carbide MXene
- ZnIn2S4 :
-
Indium zinc sulfide
- CoAl-LDH/g-C3N4/RGO:
-
CoAl-layered double hydroxide/graphitic carbon nitride/reduced graphene oxide
- 3D PANI/PDI:
-
Three-dimensional structure Polyaniline/Perylene diimide
- Bi2W2O9 :
-
Bismuth tungstate
- PTI hollow tube/ZnO:
-
Poly(triazine imide) hollow tube/zinc oxide
- PVDF:
-
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
- Bi2Sn2O7-C3N4 :
-
Bismuth stannate
- NiFe2O4 :
-
Nickel ferrite
- SCNNR:
-
Sulfur-doped carbon nitride nanorod
- POPD:
-
Poly-o-phenylenediamine
- CoFe2O4 :
-
Cobalt ferrite
- MIL-125(Ti):
-
Materials Institute Lavoisier-125 (Ti)
- In2S3@:
-
Indium(III) sulfide
- β-Bi2O3 :
-
β-Bismuth trioxide
- MoS2 :
-
Molybdenum disulfide
- CuBi2O4 :
-
Cupric bismuth
- CoO:
-
Cobalt oxide
- Bi2MoO6 :
-
Bismuth molybdate
- Ag6Si2O7 :
-
Silver silicate
- MIL-88B:
-
Materials Institute Lavoisier-88B
- COF-200:
-
Covalent organic frameworks-200
- PANI:
-
Polyaniline
- m-Bi2O4 :
-
Monoclinic dibismuth tetroxide
- BiOCl:
-
Bismuth oxychloride
- CdTe:
-
Cadmium telluride quantum dots
- CuInS2 :
-
Copper indium sulfide
- Eu/B:
-
Europium/boron
- C-g-C3N4 :
-
Carbon-doped graphitic carbon nitride
- C3N5 :
-
Tricarbon pentanitride
- SnS2 :
-
Tin disulfide
- BiOBr:
-
Bismuth bromide oxide nitride
- BiOI:
-
Bismuth oxyiodide
- Bi12O15Cl6 :
-
Bismuth oxychloride
- CO3O4 :
-
Tricobalt tetraoxide
- ZnS:
-
Zinc sulfide
- Cu2O:
-
Cuprous oxide
- Bi2S3 :
-
Bismuth sulfide
- P3HT:
-
Poly (3-hexylthiophere)
- PCN-224:
-
Porous coordination network-224
- BP:
-
Black phosphorus
- S-PCN:
-
Sulfur-doped porous graphite carbon nitride
- WO2.72 :
-
Tungsten oxide
- CdIn2S4 :
-
Cadmium indium sulfide
- Bi3O4Cl:
-
Bismuth Tetroxide Chloride
- Vis:
-
Visible light
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet light
- CdS:
-
Cadmium sulfide
- NIR:
-
Near infrared light
- e− :
-
Electron
- h+ :
-
Hole
- H2O2 :
-
Hydroperoxide
- HOO· :
-
Hydroperoxyl radical
- OH· :
-
Hydroxyl radical
- 1O2 :
-
Singlet oxygen
- O2 · − :
-
Superoxide radical
- g:
-
Gram
- h:
-
Hour
- L:
-
Liter
- mg:
-
Milligram
- J:
-
Joule
- W:
-
Watt
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82073607), Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2019JJ40399), and Novel coronavirus pneumonia emergency special science and technology plan of Changsha City (kq2001035). In addition, Xinghou He would like to thank Prof. Ping Ding and Dr. Pian Wu of Central South University Xiangya School of Public Health for their selfless help during he studied for bachelor degree in Central South University. Xinghou also want to thank, Xinghua He of Yunna normal university for his assistance in providing original figures for this paper, and love and support from Hongkong Culture Regeneration Research Society over the past years.
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He, X., Kai, T. & Ding, P. Heterojunction photocatalysts for degradation of the tetracycline antibiotic: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 4563–4601 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01295-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01295-8