Abstract
This paper aims first to illuminate the key aspects of Russia's energy diplomacy toward the EU and how the EU copes with it and then to apply the pattern found in Europe to Northeast Asia and compare the differences. In Europe, Russia has been quite effective in consolidating its dominant position as energy suppliers, and has been equally successful in nullifying the EU's collective attempts to produce a united front by forming individual energy relationships with various EU member states. A strategy of ‘divide-and-rule’ has been at the center of Moscow's energy diplomacy toward Europe. In Northeast Asia, by contrast, the progress of energy cooperation between Russia and Northeast Asian countries has been slower than both sides initially hoped. Overall, it could be attributed to Russia's failure to gain the trust of Northeast Asian countries in the course of its energy diplomacy under the Putin administration.
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Notes
Its operating company, Nord Stream, is a joint venture between Russia's Gazprom and Germany's BASF and E.ON.
For a detailed analysis of the ESPO project, see Itoh (2007).
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Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to those who made helpful comments on the draft at the 2nd World International Studies Conference (WISC), 23-26 July 2008 (Ljubljana, Slovenia), including Bertil Nygren, Charles E. Ziegler, Rajan Menon, and Roger E. Kanet. I also appreciate the kindness of Shoichi Itoh who was willing to help my research by sharing his works.
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This study was supported by the Fund for Humanities & Social Studies at Pusan National University 2007. The draft of this article was presented at the 2nd World International Studies Conference (WISC), 23–26 July 2008 (Ljubljana, Slovenia).
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Chun, H. Russia's energy diplomacy toward Europe and Northeast Asia: a comparative study. Asia Eur J 7, 327–343 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-008-0206-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-008-0206-y