Abstract
A new bacterial strain, Shinella zoogloeoides BC026, which utilizes pyridine as its sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source, was isolated from the activated sludge of a coking wastewater treatment plant. The BC026 strain completely degraded up to 1,806 mg/l of pyridine in 45.5 h. The optimum degradation conditions were pH 8.0 and temperature 30–35°C. According to product monitoring and genetic analysis, the pyridine ring was cleaved between C2 and N, resulting in 58% of pyridine-N being directly converted into ammonium. Providing glucose as the extra carbon source, the degradation of pyridine was not affected, while the growth of the strain was promoted, and 41% of pyridine-N was converted into ammonium with a C/N ratio of 35. The ammonium was utilized rapidly by the strain, and a portion of it was transformed into nitrate, then to nitrite, and finally to dinitrogen if enough extra carbon was provided. Considering these characteristics, this strain may accomplish heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification simultaneously.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahn DH, Chung YC, Yoo YJ, Pak DW, Chang WS (1996) Improved treatment of tannery wastewater using Zoogloea ramigera and its extracellular polymer in an activated sludge process. Biotechnol Lett 18:917–922
An DS, Im WT, Yang HC, Lee ST (2006) Shinella granuli gen nov, sp. nov, and proposal of the reclassification of Zoogloea ramigera ATCC 19623 as Shinella zoogloeoides sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:443–448
Bai YH, Sun QH, Zhao C, Wen DH, Tang XY (2008) Microbial degradation and metabolic pathway of pyridine by a Paracoccus sp strain BW001. Biodegradation 19:915–926
Bothe H, Jost G, Schloter M, Ward BB, Witzel KP (2000) Molecular analysis of ammonia oxidation and denitrification in natural environments. FEMS Microbiol Rev 24:673–690
Brinkmann U, Babel W (1996) Simultaneous utilization of pyridine and fructose by Rhodococcus opacus UFZ B 408 without an external nitrogen source. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 45:217–223
Crossman LC, Moir JWB, Enticknap JJ, Richardson DJ, Spiro S (1997) Heterologous expression of heterotrophic nitrification genes. Microbiology (UK) 143:3775–3783
Fetzner S (1998) Bacterial degradation of pyridine, indole, quinoline, and their derivatives under different redox conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 49:237–250
Houghton C, Cain RB (1972) Microbial metabolism of the pyridine ring formation of pyridinediols (dihydroxypyridines) as intermediates in the degradation of pyridine compounds by micro-organisms. Biochem J 130:879–893
Kaech A, Vallotton N, Egli T (2005) Isolation and characterization of heterotrophic bacteria able to grow aerobically with quaternary ammonium alcohols as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Syst Appl Microbiol 28:230–241
Kilbane JJ (2005) Metabolic engineering to develop a pathway for the selective cleavage. Annu Tech Report 13–14
Kim MK, Singleton I, Yin CR, Quan ZX, Lee M, Lee ST (2006) Influence of phenol on the biodegradation of pyridine by freely suspended and immobilized Pseudomonas putida MK1. Lett Appl Microbiol 42:495–500
Kim SK, Lee CG, Yun HS (2003) Heavy metal adsorption characteristics of extracellular polysaccharide produced by Zoogloea ramigera grown on various carbon sources. J Microbiol Biotechnol 13:745–750
Mohan SV, Sistla S, Guru RK, Prasad KK, Kumar CS, Ramakrishna SV, Sarma PN (2003) Microbial degradation of pyridine using Pseudomonas sp and isolation of plasmid responsible for degradation. Waste Manag 23:167–171
Mohn WW (1995) Bacteria obtained from a sequencing batch reactor that are capable of growth on dehydroabietic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2145–2150
Padoley KV, Rajvaidya AS, Subbarao TV, Pandey RA (2006) Biodegradation of pyridine in a completely mixed activated sludge process. Bioresour Technol 97:1225–1236
Pandey RA, Padoley KV, Mukherji SS, Mudliar SN, Vaidya AN, Rajvaidya AS, Subbarao TV (2007) Biotreatment of waste gas containing pyridine in a biofilter. Bioresour Technol 98:2258–2267
Rhee SK, Lee GM, Lee ST (1996) Influence of a supplementary carbon source on biodegradation of pyridine by freely suspended and immobilized Pimelobacter sp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 44:816–822
Rhee SK, Lee GM, Yoon JH, Park YH, Bae HS, Lee ST (1997) Anaerobic and aerobic degradation of pyridine by a newly isolated denitrifying bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:2578–2585
Rich JJ, Heichen RS, Bottomley PJ, Cromack K, Myrold DD (2003) Community composition and functioning of denitrifying bacteria from adjacent meadow and forest soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:5974–5982
Ronen Z, Bollag JM (1995) Biodegradation of pyridine and pyridine-derivatives by soil and subsurface microorganisms. Int J Environ Anal Chem 59:133–143
Rösch C, Mergel A, Bothe H (2002) Biodiversity of denitrifying and dinitrogen-fixing bacteria in an acid forest soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:3818–3829
Rossellomora RA, Wagner M, Amann R, Schleifer KH (1995) The abundance of Zoogloea ramigera in sewage-treatment plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:702–707
Sag Y, Kutsal T (1995) Biosorption of heavy metals by Zoogloea ramigera: use of adsorption isotherms and a comparison of biosorption characteristics. Chem Eng J Biochem Eng J 60:181–188
Sambrook J, Russell D (2001) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor
Scala DJ, Kerkhof LJ (1998) Nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene-specific PCR primers for detection of denitrifiers and three nosZ genes from marine sediments. FEMS Microbiol Lett 162:61–68
Sims GK, Sommers LE, Konopka A (1986) Degradation of pyridine by micrococcus luteus isolated from soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 51:963–968
Solisio C, Lodi A, Converti A, Del Borghi M (1998) Cadmium, zinc and chromium(III) removal from aqueous solutions by Zoogloea ramigera. Chem Biochem Eng Q 12:45–49
State Environmental Protection Administration of China (1989) Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis method, 3rd edn. China Environmental Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S (2007) MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) Software Version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24:1596–1599
Uma B, Sandhya S (1997) Pyridine degradation and heterocyclic nitrification by Bacillus coagulans. Can J Microbiol 43:595–598
USEPA (2003) EPA test methods. http://www.epa.gov/
Watson GK, Cain RB (1975) Microbial metabolism of the pyridine ring. Metabolic pathways of pyridine biodegradation by soil bacteria. Biochem J 146:157–172
Wehrfritz JM, Reilly A, Spiro S, Richardson DJ (1993) Purification of hydroxylamine oxidase from Thiosphaera pantotropha identification of electron acceptors that couple heterotrophic nitrification to aerobic denitrification. FEBS Lett 335:246–250
Xie CH, Yokota A (2006) Zoogloea oryzae sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from rice paddy soil, and reclassification of the strain ATCC 19623 as Crabtreella saccharophila gen. nov., sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Micr 56:619–624
Zefirov NS, Agapova SR, Terentiev PB, Bulakhova IM, Vasyukova NI, Modyanova LV (1994) Degradation of pyridine by Arthrobacter crystallopoeites and Rhodococcus opacus strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 118:71–74
Acknowledgments
The study was accomplished under an “863” Exploration Project (no. 2006AA06Z336) granted by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology and a general project granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 50878001). The authors would like to express their appreciation to Prof. Yi Li, Mr. Mian Xia, Mr. Lin Qiao, Ms Linying Wang, Ms Xiaojin Cao and Mr. Shengde Sha in the Beijing Weiming Kaituo Agro-biotechnology Ltd., for helping in the molecular biology.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bai, Y., Sun, Q., Zhao, C. et al. Aerobic degradation of pyridine by a new bacterial strain, Shinella zoogloeoides BC026. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 36, 1391–1400 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-009-0625-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-009-0625-9