Abstract
The cytotoxicity of a dental alloy depends on, but is not limited to, the extent of its corrosion behavior. Individual ions may have effects on cell viability that are different from metals interacting within the alloy structure. We aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of individual metal ions in concentrations similar to those reported to be released from Pd-based dental alloys on mouse fibroblast cells. Metal salts were used to prepare seven solutions (concentration range 100 ppm–1 ppb) of the transition metals, such as Ni(II), Pd(II), Cu(II), and Ag(I), and the metals, such as Ga(III), In(III), and Sn(II). Cytotoxicity on mouse fibroblasts L929 was evaluated using the MTT assay. Ni, Cu, and Ag are cytotoxic at 10 ppm, Pd and Ga at 100 ppm. Sn and In were not able to induce cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations. Transition metals were able to induce cytotoxic effects in concentrations similar to those reported to be released from Pd-based dental alloys. Ni, Cu, and Ag were the most cytotoxic followed by Pd and Ga; Sn and In were not cytotoxic. Cytotoxic reactions might be considered in the etiopathogenesis of clinically observed local adverse reactions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Rosenstiel L, Fujimoto. Contemporary fixed prosthodontics. 4th ed. Mosby Elsevier; 2006. pp. 605–608.
Anusavice KJ. Philli’s science of dental materials. 10th ed. W.B. Saunders Company; 1996. pp. 434–442.
Noort Rv. Introduction to dental materials. 2nd ed. Mosby; 2002. pp. 221–227.
Schmalz G, Garhammer P. Biological interactions of dental cast alloys with oral tissues. Dent Mater. 2002;18:396–406.
Manaranche C, Hornberger H. A proposal for the classification of dental alloys according to their resistance to corrosion. Dent Mater. 2007;23:1428–37.
van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M. Non plaque-related gingivitis. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2002;109:419–21.
Rachmawati D, Bontkes HJ, Verstege MI, et al. Transition metal sensing by Toll-like receptor-4: next to nickel, cobalt and palladium are potent human dendritic cell stimulators. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;68:331–8.
Muris J, Feilzer AJ, Rustemeyer T, Kleverlaan CJ. Palladium allergy prevalence is underestimated because of an inadequate test allergen. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;65:62.
Muris J, Kleverlaan CJ, Rustemeyer T, et al. Sodium tetrachloropalladate for diagnosing palladium sensitization. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67:94–100.
Yamamoto A, Honma R, Sumita M. Cytotoxicity evaluation of 43 metal salts using murine fibroblasts and osteoblastic cells. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998;39:331–40.
Schedle A, Samorapoompichit P, Rauschfan XH, et al. Response of L-929 fibroblasts, human gingival fibroblasts, and human tissue mast-cells to various metal-cations. J Dent Res. 1995;74:1513–20.
Wataha JC, Hanks CT, Craig RG. The in vitro effects of metal cations on eukaryotic cell metabolism. J Biomed Mater Res. 1991;25:1133–49.
Yamamoto A, Honma R, Tanaka A, Sumita M. Generic tendency of metal salt cytotoxicity for six cell lines. J Biomed Mater Res. 1999;47:396–403.
Taira M, Toguchi MS, Hamada Y, et al. Studies on cytotoxic effect of nickel ions on three cultured fibroblasts. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2001;12:373–6.
Schmalz G, Langer H, Schweikl H. Cytotoxicity of dental alloy extracts and corresponding metal salt solutions. J Dent Res. 1998;77:1772–8.
Craig RG, Hanks CT. Cytotoxicity of experimental casting alloys evaluated by cell-culture tests. J Dent Res. 1990;69:1539–42.
Schmalz G, Arenholt-Bindslev D, Hiller KA, Schweikl H. Epithelium-fibroblast co-culture for assessing mucosal irritancy of metals used in dentistry. Eur J Oral Sci. 1997;105:86–91.
Locci P, Lilli C, Marinucci L, et al. In vitro cytotoxic effects of orthodontic appliances. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000;53:560–7.
Ermolli M, Menne C, Pozzi G, Serra MA, Clerici LA. Nickel, cobalt and chromium-induced cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation in human hacat keratinocytes. Toxicology. 2001;159:23–31.
Al-Hiyasat AS, Darmani H, Bashabsheh OM. Cytotoxicity of dental casting alloys after conditioning in distilled water. Int J Prosthodont. 2003;16:597–601.
Ortiz AJ, Fernandez E, Vicente A, Calvo JL, Ortiz C. Metallic ions released from stainless steel, nickel-free, and titanium orthodontic alloys: toxicity and DNA damage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:e115–22.
Garhammer P, Schmalz G, Hiller KA, Reitinger T. Metal content of biopsies adjacent to dental cast alloys. Clin Oral Investig. 2003;7:92–7.
Garhammer P, Hiller KA, Reitinger T, Schmalz G. Metal content of saliva of patients with and without metal restorations. Clin Oral Investig. 2004;8:238–42.
Tufekci E, Mitchell JC, Olesik JW, et al. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy measurements of elemental release from 2 high-palladium dental casting alloys into a corrosion testing medium. J Prosthet Dent. 2002;87:80–5.
Elshahawy W, Watanabe I, Koike M. Elemental ion release from four different fixed prosthodontic materials. Dent Mater. 2009;25:976–81.
Syverud M, Dahl JE, Hero H, Morisbak E. Corrosion and biocompatibility testing of palladium alloy castings. Dent Mater. 2001;17:7–13.
Begerow J, Neuendorf J, Turfeld M, Raab W, Dunemann L. Long-term urinary platinum, palladium, and gold excretion of patients after insertion of noble-metal dental alloys. Biomarkers. 1999;4:27–36.
McGinley EL, Moran GP, Fleming GJ. Base-metal dental casting alloy biocompatibility assessment using a human-derived three-dimensional oral mucosal model. Acta Biomater. 2012;8:432–8.
Wataha JC, Nakajima H, Hanks CT, Okabe T. Correlation of cytotoxicity with elemental release from mercury-based and gallium-based dental alloys in-vitro. Dent Mater. 1994;10:298–303.
McGinley EL, Dowling AH, Moran GP, Fleming GJ. Influence of S. mutans on base-metal dental casting alloy toxicity. J Dent Res. 2013;92:92–7.
Sjogren G, Sletten G, Dahl JE. Cytotoxicity of dental alloys, metals, and ceramics assessed by Millipore filter, agar overlay, and MTT tests. J Prosthet Dent. 2000;84:229–36.
Al-Hiyasat AS, Darmani H. The effects of recasting on the cytotoxicity of base metal alloys. J Prosthet Dent. 2005;93:158–63.
ISO10933-5: Biological evaluation of medical devices—part 5. Geneva: International Standards Organization; 1999.
ISO10933: biological evaluation of medical devices. Geneva: International Standards Organization; 1999.
Milheiro A, Kleverlaan C, Muris J, Feilzer A, Pallav P. Nickel release from orthodontic retention wires—the action of mechanical loading and pH. Dent Mater. 2012.
Kobayashi H, Kumagai K, Eguchi T, et al. Characterization of T cell receptors of Th1 cells infiltrating inflamed skin of a novel murine model of palladium-induced metal allergy. PLoS One. 2013;8:e76385.
Minang JT, Arestrom I, Troye-Blomberg M, Lundeberg L, Ahlborg N. Nickel, cobalt, chromium, palladium and gold induce a mixed Th1- and Th2-type cytokine response in vitro in subjects with contact allergy to the respective metals. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006;146:417–26.
Muris J, Feilzer AJ, Kleverlaan CJ, et al. Palladium-induced Th2 cytokine responses reflect skin test reactivity. Allergy. 2012;67:1605–8.
Manaranche C. Corrosion and biocompatibility of dental alloys. Eur Cells Mater. 2005;9:35–6.
Xu G, Zhang C. Ning L [Evaluation on the cytotoxicity of Gallium alloy by MTT-assay]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2001;36:189–92.
Chandler JE, Messer HH, Ellender G. Cytotoxicity of gallium and indium ions compared with mercuric ion. J Dent Res. 1994;73:1554–9.
Bumgardner JD, Johansson BI. Effects of titanium-dental restorative alloy galvanic couples on cultured cells. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998;43:184–91.
Wataha JC, Hanks CT, Craig RG. In vitro synergistic, antagonistic, and duration of exposure effects of metal cations on eukaryotic cells. J Biomed Mater Res. 1992;26:1297–309.
Endo K, Ohno H, Matsuda K, Asakura S. Electrochemical and surface studies on the passivity of a dental Pd-based casting alloy in alkaline sulphide solution. Corros Sci. 2003;45:1491–504.
Wataha JC, Lockwood PE. Release of elements from dental casting alloys into cell-culture medium over 10 months. Dent Mater. 1998;14:158–63.
Mulders C, Darwish M, Holze R. The influence of alloy composition and casting procedure upon the corrosion behaviour of dental alloys: an in vitro study. J Oral Rehabil. 1996;23:825–31.
Wataha JC, Craig RG, Hanks CT. The release of elements of dental casting alloys into cell-culture medium. J Dent Res. 1991;70:1014–8.
Wataha JC. Biocompatibility of dental casting alloys: a review. J Prosthet Dent. 2000;83:223–34.
Viennot S, Lissac M, Malquarti G, Francis D, Grosgogeat B. Influence of casting procedures on the corrosion resistance of clinical dental alloys containing palladium. Acta Biomater. 2006;2:321–30.
Wataha JC, Malcolm CT, Hanks CT. Correlation between cytotoxicity and the elements released by dental casting alloys. Int J Prosthodont. 1995;8:9–14.
Elshahawy WM, Watanabe I, Kramer P. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of elemental ions released from different prosthodontic materials. Dent Mater. 2009;25:1551–5.
Acknowledgments
The staff of the department of Fixed Prosthodontics and the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (TMDU) is greatly acknowledged for their personal and technical assistance during the period of this investigation.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Milheiro, A., Nozaki, K., Kleverlaan, C.J. et al. In vitro cytotoxicity of metallic ions released from dental alloys. Odontology 104, 136–142 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-014-0192-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-014-0192-z