Abstract
This paper contains a historical overview of 2D and 3D hydrodynamic modelling in the Netherlands from the 1960s till now. It started in the 1960s with two-dimensional (depth-averaged) shallow sea modelling for practical applications of the Dutch government. The most important application was the Dutch ‘Delta works’ project, which was initiated after the February 1953 flood disaster in the Netherlands. In the late 1980s, three-dimensional shallow water modelling in the Netherlands started due of the advance in computing power. This was also needed for 3D water quality modelling. Two large software suites have been developed for modelling of shallow water flows in the Netherlands, namely Simona and Delft3D. These integrated systems contain software for modelling of hydrodynamics, water quality, morphology and waves. In this paper, we focus on hydrodynamic modelling. In literature, a lot of applications of Delft3D and Simona have been described. However, in none of these papers, the key features of the underlying hydrodynamic numerical method have been described, which have resulted into a good performance with respect to robustness, accuracy and computational efficiency. This paper therefore summarizes ‘proven technology’ in shallow water modelling with Simona and Delft3D that has been applied in the past decades in the Netherlands and abroad. From the 1960s till now, the hydrodynamic modelling in the Netherlands has been based on structured grids. In 2011, a transition started in the Netherlands towards unstructured modelling for shallow water flows, which will be discussed as well.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Apecechea MI, Verlaan M, Zijl F, Le Coz C (2017) Effects of self-attraction and loading at a regional scale: a test case for the Northwest European Shelf. Ocean Dyn 6:729–727
Backhaus JO (1983) A semi-implicit scheme for the shallow water equations for application to shelf sea modelling. Cont Shelf Res 2:243–254
Balzano A (1998) Evaluation of methods for numerical simulation of wetting and drying in shallow water flow models. Coast Eng 34:83–107
Benqué JP, Cunge JA, Feuillet J, Hauguel A, Holly FM (1982) New method for tidal current computation. J Waterway Port Coast Ocean Div ASCE 108:396–417
Bijvelds MDJP (2003) Numerical modelling of estuarine flow over steep topography. Ph.D. Delft, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Blumberg AF, Mellor GL (1987) A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model. In: Heaps NS (ed) Three-dimensional coastal ocean models. American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C.
Casulli V, Cheng RT (1992) Semi-implicit finite difference methods for three-dimensional shallow water flow. Int J Numer Methods Fluids 15:629–648
Danish Hydraulic Institute (2017) MIKE 3 flow model. Hydrodynamic module. Scientific documentation
De Goede ED (1991) A time splitting method for the three-dimensional shallow water equations. Int J Numer Methods Fluids 13:519–534
Delft Hydraulics and Rijkswaterstaat (1989) Storm surge barrier Eastern Scheldt. Evaluation of water movement studies for design and construction of the barrier. RWS report PEGESS-N-89011. July 1989. Delft Hydraulics report Z88
Delft University of Technology (2018) SWAN User Manual. Cycle III version 41.20AB. http://www.swan.tudelft.nl
Deltares (2019a) RGFGRID generation and manipulation of structured and unstructured grids, suitable for Delft3D-FLOW, Delft3D-WAVE or D-Flow Flexible Mesh. User Manual, Version 5.00 (30 July 2019)
Deltares (2019b) Delft3D-FLOW Simulation of multi-dimensional hydrodynamic flows and transport phenomena, including sediments. User Manual, Version 3.15 (5 May 2019). Deltares, The Netherlands
Dronkers JJ (1964) Tidal computation in rivers and coastal waters. North-Holland Publishing Co., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Amsterdam, New York
Forester CK (1979) Higher order monotonic convective difference schemes. J Comput Phys 23:1–22
Gerritsen H, De Goede ED, Platzek FW, Genseberger M, Van Kester JAThM, Uittenbogaard RE (2008) Validation document Delft3D-FLOW, WL|Delft Hydraulics report X0356/M3470. https://oss.deltares.nl/web/delft3d/process-demos/-/document_library/Ms59/view/567450
Haney RL (1991) On the pressure gradient force over steep topography in sigma co-ordinate models. J Phys Oceanogr 21:610–619
Hansen W (1956) Theorie zur Errechnung des wasserstandes und der Strömingen in Randmeeeren nebst Anwendungen. Tellus 8:289–300
Heaps NS (1969) A two-dimensional numerical sea model. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A 265:93–137
Jones JE (2002) Coastal and shelf-sea modelling in the European context. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 40:37–141
Kernkamp HWJ, Petit HAH, Gerritsen H, De Goede ED (2005) A unified formulation for the three-dimensional shallow water equations using orthogonal co-ordinates: theory and application. Ocean Dyn 55:351–369
Kernkamp HWJ, Van Dam A, Stelling GS, De Goede ED (2011) Efficient scheme for the shallow water equations on unstructured grids with application to the continental shelf. Ocean Dyn 61:1175–1188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-011-0423-6
Klingbeil K, Lemarié F, Debreu L, Burchard H (2018) The numerics of hydrostatic structured-grid coastal ocean models: state of the art and future perspectives. Ocean Model 125:80–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.01.007
Lauwerier HA (1962) Some recent work for the Amstersam Mathematical Center on the hydrodynamics of the North Sea. Proc Symp Math Hydrody Math Phys Ocean Inst Meereskunde Univ Hamburg:13–24
Lazure P, Salomon JC (1991) Coupled 2-D and 3-D modelling of coastal hydrodynamics. Oceanol Acta 14(2):173–180
Leendertse JJ (1967) Aspects of a computational model for long-period water-wave propagation. Ph. D. Thesis, RM-5294-RR, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica
Lemarié F, Burchard H, Debreu L, Klingbeil K, Sainte-Marie J (2019) Advancing dynamical cores of oceanic models across all scales. First COMMODORE workshop: community for the numerical modelling of the global, regional and coastal. 17-19 September 2018, Paris, France. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0303.1
Lesser GR, Roelvink JA, Van Kester JATM, Stelling GS (2004) Development and validation of a three-dimensional morphological model. Coastal Engineering 51:883–915
Martyr-Koller RC, Kernkamp HWJ, Van Dam A, Van der Wegen M, Lucas LV, Knowles N, Jaffe B, Fregoso TA (2017) Application of an unstructured 3D finite volume numerical model to flows and salinity dynamics in the San Francisco Bay-Delta. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 192:86–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.04.024
Patankar SV (1980) Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow, ISBN 0070487405, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, USA
Phillips NA (1957) A co-ordinate system having some special advantages for numerical forecasting. J Meteorol 14:1957
Praagman N (1979) Numerical solution of the shallow water equations by a finite element method. Ph.D. Thesis. Delft University of Technology
Rijkswaterstaat (2017) WAQUA/TRIWAQ -two- and three-dimensional shallow water flow model. Technical documentation SIMONA report number 99–01 Version 316, March 2017
Shchepetkin AF, McWilliams JC (2005) The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate oceanic model. Ocean Model 9(4):347–404
Sielecki A (1968) Mathematical weather rev. U.S. Department of Agriculture 96:150–156
Stelling GS (1983) On the construction of computational methods for shallow water problems. Ph.D. Thesis. Delft, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Stelling GS, Leendertse JJ (1992) Approximation of convective processes by cyclic AOI methods, Proceeding 2nd ASCE Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modelling, Tampa, 1991
Stelling GS, Van Kester JATM (1994) On the approximation of horizontal gradients in sigma co-ordinates for bathymetry with steep bottom slopes. Int J Numer Methods Fluids 18:915–955
Uittenbogaard RE, Van Kester JATM, Stelling GS (1992) Implementation of three turbulence models in 3D-TRISULA for rectangular grids, report Z81. Delft Hydraulics
Van der Houwen PJ (1966) On the stability of a difference scheme for the North Sea Problem, Report TW 100. Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam
Van Stijn ThL (1989) Vectorization of the continental shelf model. DIV/SVA report 89.005
Verlaan M, De Kleermaeker S, Buckman L (2015) GLOSSIS: global storm surge forecasting and information system. 22nd Australasian Coasts & Ports Conference 2015
Vollebregt EAH (1997) Parallel software development techniques for shallow water models. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology
Vollebregt EAH (2004) Parallelization of algorithms for the CFD code TRIWAQ. Massively Parallel Processing, Applications and Development (Editors J.C. Zuidervaart and L. Dekker). Elsevier
Vreugdenhil CB (1994) Numerical methods for shallow-water flow. Water Science and Technology Library. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-3164-8
Weare TJ (1979) Errors arising from irregular boundaries in ADI solutions of the shallow water equations. Int J Numer Methods Eng 14:921–931
Wilders P, Van Stijn TL, Stelling GS, Fokkema GA (1988) A fully implicit splitting method for accurate tidal computations. Int J Numer Methods Eng 26:2707–2721
Willemse JBTM, Stelling GS, Verboom GK (1986) Solving the shallow water equations with an orthogonal co-ordinate transformation. Delft Hydraulics Communication No 356
Zijl F, Sumihar J, Verlaan M (2015) Application of data assimilation for improved operational water level forecasting on the northwest European shelf and North Sea. Ocean Dyn 65:1699–1716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-015-0898-7
Acknowledgements
It is impossible to thank everyone and all companies who have contributed during many decades to the hydrodynamic modelling in the Netherlands. In particular, employees from Rijkswaterstaat, Deltares (formerly Delft Hydraulics) and VORtech Computing have contributed to the development and to the maintenance and support of the Delft3D and Simona software. My colleagues Jan van Kester and Frank Platzek are thanked for their valuable review of this paper. The anonymous reviewer is thanked from bringing under our attention the excellent overview paper of (Klingbeil et al. 2018).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Pierre Garreau
This article is part of the Topical Collection on the 19th Joint Numerical Sea Modelling Group Conference, Florence, Italy, 17-19 October 2018
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
De Goede, E.D. Historical overview of 2D and 3D hydrodynamic modelling of shallow water flows in the Netherlands. Ocean Dynamics 70, 521–539 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01336-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01336-5